Development dynamics Flashcards
How do countries measure Development
By using the HDI ( Human development index)
What are the 3 factors which affect the HDI
Income
Levels of education
Life expectancy
What does GDP and GDP per capita mean
The total value of goods and services produced in a year by a country
What does colonialism mean
Control over another country and exploiting it
economically
What does maternal mortality rate mean?
The number of mothers per 100,000 who die in child birth
Name 3 causes of global inequalities.
Physical environment
Colonialism
Political and economic policies
Why is the physical environment important to a country’s development (two reasons)?
Access to a sea is an important influence. If a country is landlock, this limits trades.
Climate is also influential, Tropical countries have developed more slowly than coastal nations because they experience more climate related diseases.
Why is colonialism important to a country’s development?
Country’s may invade and exploit other countries for their resources and economic gain.
What does neo-colonialism mean?
Neo-colonialism is used to describe how rich countries can still dominate poorer countries.
Why is the economic and political policies important to a country’s development?
Open economies, encourage trade allowing the country to develop much faster than other countries
Political mismanagement and corruption can slow or reverse development.
What are the 5 Stages of Rowstow’s theory
Traditional society
Pre-conditions for take-off
Take-off
Drive to maturity
Age of high mass consumption
Explain the Traditional society stage in Rowtow’s theory.
Most people work in agriculture but produce very little excess items to sell.
Explain the Pre-conditions for take-off stage in Rowstow’s theory
There’s a shift from farming to manufacturing. Trade increases profit, which are invested into new industries and infrastructure.
Explain the Take off stage in Rowstow’s theory
Growth is rapid. Investment and technology create new manufacturing industries. However the take-off requires profit earned form overseas trade.
Explain the Drive to maturity stage in Rowstow’s theory.
a period of growth technology is used throughout the economy. Industries produce consumer goods.
Explain the High mass consumption stage in Rowstow’s theory.
A period of comfort. Consumers enjoy a wide range of goods. Society choose how to spend there wealth, either on military strength on education welfare, or on luxuries for the wealthy.
Explain the Frank dependency theory.
Franks dependency theory believed that development was about two types of region- core and periphery. The Core represented developed countries and the periphery consists of other areas which produce raw materials to sell to the core.
Raw materials with low value are traded between the periphery and the core. The core becomes wealthy by processing these into higher-value products.
What are the social indicators?
Life expectancy
Literacy rate
Infant mortality rate
What are the Environmental indicators?
Pollution levels
Green space
What are the social causes of Inequality.
Education
Health
Historically disadvantaged
explain why Education is a cause of social inequality
Education is important to the development and economy of a country. If someone doesn’t have the right qualifications, they might not be able to get a well-paid, dependable job. This can lead to increased unemployment or large poverty.
explain why health is a cause of social inequality
A limited number of doctors might lead to low-income families having a poorer health. Some countries are more vulnerable to diseases and poor health than other countries.
explain why being historically disadvantaged is a cause of social inequality
Countries that have been ruled in the past by another country can be disadvantaged. As their valuable resources would be taken
What does topography mean
Topography means the shape of the land
What are the environmental causes of inequality
Climate
topography
explain why Climate is a cause of environmental inequality
The climate of a country can affect whether a country has many resources to trade. Countries with a large amount of resources to sell will have stronger economies, so they tend to be more developed as the community improves and the government can invest.
What are some examples of Climate affecting the environmental inequalities
-If it regularly rains, the population can collect fresh rainfall to drink. Countries with regular rainfall tend to suffer less from water-borne diseases, which is good for the people’s health.
-Plants grow better in warmer climates, so countries with warm climates tend to have successful farms
-If a country frequently experiences extreme weather - e.g.hurricanes, flooding - it may be difficult to develop
explain why topography is a cause of environmental inequality
Topography has a big effect on where communities live and where we can build; for example, steep land is difficult to build on and rocky mountains are difficult to dig into to build the foundations, so mountainous areas are less built on than flat land. This means countries with a lot of mountainous regions have less space to build on, which could build up cities
What are the political reasons for inequality
Governance
International relations
Corruption
explain why governance is a cause of political inequality
Governments have different aims and styles of leadership that can affect the growth of the economy and the lifestyle of its people. On a whole, the most developed countries tend to have capitalist governments, whereas countries with communist governments tend to be less developed.
explain why international relations is a cause of political inequality
Not all countries have the same number of ally countries. Countries with more allies have more opportunities to trade, and so can earn more profit and their economies grow. Alternatively, if one country is in need, allies can provide aid in the form of money, water, food or emergency supplies. Therefore countries with better international relations are more developed than others.
explain why corruption is a cause of political inequality
Causes tax money to be used for other reasons, country is getting less developed
What are top-down projects
projects that tend to be large scale expensive constructions that try to improve a fundamental need
What are the advantages of top-down projects
Top-down schemes tend to be large scale, so will benefit a large community of people.
Due to the large construction, many job opportunities are created to build the project - from unskilled labourers to civil engineers.
What are the disadvantages of top-down development
Locals have little voice in the project and some small villages may be evicted against their will.
These projects cost millions of pounds, which could be spent directly into communities. The benefits take a long time before they are felt by locals, since these projects tend to take decades to complete.
what are Bottom-Up projects
These projects tend to be smaller projects, focused at helping small families and communities rather than a region or country. Bottom-up projects are organised by non-government organisations
What are the positives of Bottom-up projects
Bottom-up projects tend to focus on helping the poorest families in a country. The project could reduce poverty and so reduce the inequality between the poorest and wealthiest countries.
Bottom-up projects are relatively cheap so NGOs can help a large number of families in different countries.
What are the Negatives of Bottom-up projects
NGOs rely on voluntary donations rather than government funding, which limits the amount of people that charities can afford to help.
Without proper training & planning, these projects could be unsuccessful.
Name the economic development indicators
GDP or PPP
Poverty line
Clarke Fisher model
GNI
Name a social development indicator
HDI
Gender inequality index
Literacy rates
What is PPP?
Purchasing power parity measures what $1 can buy you in certain countries. For example, you can buy more for $1 in Malawi than in the UK.
What is GNI?
Gross national income (per capita) measures national wealth and includes the debt a country is in
What are the reasons for global inequality?
Physical- access to sea for trade
Historical- a history of colonialism means development occurred later. Neo- colonialism happens today with cash crops
Political- open economies develop faster as they encourage foreign investment
Social- access to education and healthcare
What are the benefits of biogas generators and are they local or national?
provides jobs
provides a quick supply of heat for cooking
no longer have to collect wood
Local as nationally it contributes to global warming
Name a bottom up approach to development (NGOs)
ASTRA biogas scheme
Name a top down approach to development (TNCs)
The Sardar Sarovar Dam
What are the benefits of the SS dam and are they local or national ?
provides electricity when the dam overflows
provides 3.5 billion litres of drinking water
National benefits as it forces local people out of their homes
What is the population of India?
1.324 billion people (2016)
Life expectancy in India?
68.3 years
What is India’s HDI score?
0.624 - Medium to high human development
How many people live in India’s urban slums?
40 million people - a quarter of its urban population
India’s wealth is unequally shared. Name one state which has a lot of wealth and name another that is very poor.
Maharashtra (Wealthy)
Dharavi (Poor)
Why is India benefiting from globalisation?
It has a cheap labour force, therefore TNCs are likely to invest for good profit margins.
What attracts TNCs to India?
Cheap labour
Large number of English speakers
Reduced taxes
How does India’s geography influence its growth?
India is situated between a large proportion of the world’s top trading countries and shipping routes.
It is surrounded by ocean so can access many major trade routes
Name a demographic impact of economic growth in India
The population is aging
Name 4 environmental impacts of development in India
Air pollution (13/20 main cities are polluted)
Land pollution (deforestation and desertification cause flooding)
Water pollution (275 rivers are polluted)
Greenhouse gas emissions and climate change (3rd largest carbon dioxide emitter)
Explain 2 disadvantages of intermediate technology
Intermediate technology can be unreliable requiring regular repairs
Intermediate technology often still involves some cost can’t afford it which means not all of the community will be able to benefit
