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YR2: Limbs > Development and growth of bone > Flashcards

Development and growth of bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of bone?

A 
Support of the body shape 
Systems of levers for muscle action 
Protection of internal organs 
Site of blood cell formation 
Mineral storage pool
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2
Q

What are the 2 mechanical properties of bone and what is responsible for these properties?

A

Cable-like flexibility + resistance to tension because the framework is collagen + osteoid
Pillar-like stiffness + resistance to compression conferred by impregnation of collagen with crystalline mineral (hydroxyapatite))

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3
Q

What are the 2 main types of bone tissue?

A

Woven (immature)

Lamellar (mature)

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4
Q

When is woven bone found in adults?

A

Only found in repairing fractures

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5
Q

What is the technical term for the shaft of a bone?

A

Diaphysis

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6
Q

What is the technical term for the head of a bone? What type of bone is found here?

A

Epiphysis

Spongy bone

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7
Q

What type of bone is found around the outside of the bone?

A

Compact (cortical) bone

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8
Q

What is the term given to the cavity within the bone?

A

Medullary cavity (contains bone marrow)

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9
Q

What type of bone is found within the medullary cavity?

A

Trabecular/ spongy/ cancellous bone (still lamellar)

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10
Q

What units are lamellar bone in the compact bone arranged into?

A

Osteons
Have a central canal containing vessels + around the vessels you have concentric layers of bone maintained by concentrically arranged osteocytes

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11
Q

In what planes are osteons arranged?

A

Usually organised along pressure planes

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12
Q

What provides the main blood supply to the bone marrow?

A

Nutrient artery (passing through the nutrient foramen)

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13
Q

What are the 2 layers of the periosteum?

A

Fibrous

Cellular

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14
Q

What are the main roles of the periosteum?

A

Bone growth + repair
Vascular
Good sensory nerve supply

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15
Q

What do osteogenic cells give rise to?

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes

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16
Q

What lineage do osteoclasts come from?

A

Derived from immune cell lineage (modified macrophages)

17
Q

At what point in fetal life does the skeleton start to develop?

A

6 weeks

18
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

19
Q

Describe intramembranous ossification.

A

Occurs within existing vascular connective tissue
Bone matrix is deposited around the collagen
This mineralises to form woven bone
Then remodels to form lamellar bone

20
Q

Describe endochondral ossification.

A

Occurs within existing fetal cartilage models
Cartilage calcifies + chondrocytes die
Periosteal osteoclasts cut channels for sprouting vessels
Osteoblasts enter with vessels to build bone around them

21
Q

Name 2 bones in which intramembranous ossification takes place.

A

Skull
Mandible
(Flat bones)

22
Q

At what point do the epiphyses ossify in a child’s wrist?

A

2 years

23
Q

Until what point do epiphyseal plates remain cartilaginous?

A

Until you stop growing: then epiphyseal plates will calcify

24
Q

How does bone grow in length without disrupting terminal appositional growth?

A

Shaft ossifies 1st, followed by epiphyses
Growth continues by ossification at growing cartilage plate between them
Growth cessation when cartilage growth ceases + plate is over-run by ossification

25
Q

Why is bone described as adaptable?

A

Can grow without compromising its support function
Increases/ decreases bulk + density in response to pattern of use
Can alter its external + internal shape in response to pattern of use (remodelling)
Can repair when fractured

26
Q

Describe 3 features of bone that allow for remodelling

A

Bone has a large blood supply- cells never far from nutrients + O2
Osteocytes maintain matrix but can activate osteoblasts for new bone building
Osteoclasts are giant cells specialised for destruction of bone matrix

27
Q

What is the name of growth in bone diameter? Describe this

A

Apposition: addition to exterior at periosteum
Osteoblasts + osteoclasts create ridges + grooves on surface
Blood vessels align in grooves
Osteoblasts build new osteons round vessels
Osteoclasts remove bone from endosteal surface

28
Q

What is essential for intiating repair of a fracture?

A

Haematoma

Becomes infiltrated by fibrous matrix + invaded by cartilage/ bone progenitors

29
Q

Describe the response to high blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin released by parafolicular thyroid cells
Breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclasts INHIBITED
Uptake of Ca2+ into bone STIMULATED

30
Q

Describe the response to low blood calcium levels

A

PTH released by chief cells of parathyroid gland
Osteoclasts bone resorption activity STIMULATED
Increases Ca2+ re-absorption by kidneys

YR2: Limbs (8 decks)

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