Development and Gender Roles Flashcards
Erik Ericksons Theory of Psychological Development
- trained in psychoanalytic tradition
- expanded theory to include extended role of the ego
- development of the ego
- created stages of development
Trust vs. Mistrust
- 1st year
- reliable, responsive care taking leads to global sense of trust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- 2nd year
- support of self-initiated exploration leads to sense of autonomy
Initiative vs. Guilt
- 3 to 5 years
- expanding powers allow for more interactions with the world
- leads to sense of value of initiative
Industry vs. Inferiority
- 6 to 13 years
- ability to initiate and achieve goals leafs to sense of industry
Identity vs. Role Confusion
- adolescence
- want to come to an identity and build off of it
Intimacy vs. Isolation
- early adulthood
- ability to connect with others on an emotional level
- both dating relationships and friendships
- ability to have a relationship with someone else without losing your own identity
Generatively vs. Stagnation
- middle age
- careers, family, long term goals come to fruition
- sense of satisfaction
Integrity vs. Despair
- old age
- evaluate life goals and achievements
- either have positive evaluations or negative evaluation of life
Development of Gender Roles
- patterns of work, appearance, and behavior that a society associates with being male or female
- appear in all cultures but in difference degrees
- gender role differences correlate with differences in status
- early differences lead to different developmental trajectories
Development of Gender Roles: Girls
- early speech, writing, grammar
- longer gaze with adult females
- read emotions better
- higher empathy
- more relational aggression
Development of Gender Roles: Boys
- manipulating objects
- constructing 3D forms
- aggressive/competitive behavior
- riskier behavior
- more likely to suffer physical injury
- dominance in social relations
Nature-Nurture Issues
- gender roles dominated by nature-nature conception
- other factors are important: hormones, brain organization, anatomy, socialization
- without interference, boys and girls tend tone attracted to different toys based on experience and social forces
Alexander and Hines experiment 2002
- took Vervet monkeys form a zoo and asked the question, would they show the same toy preference as humans?
- male monkeys played with “masculine” toys longer
- female monkeys played with “feminine” toys longer
Early Gender Role Socialization: Girls
- gentler play
- gender typical toys: dolls, clothes
- parents encourage reflective, dependent, domestic behavior
- parents speak to with more feeling and support
Early Gender Role Socialization: Boys
- physical, rougher play
- gender typical toys: balls, trucks
- parents encourage winning, achievement, and exploration
- parents have slower concern with injury or conflict
Gender Role Socialization during Childhood
- Parents: expect boys to be more interested in science than girls, despite grades and interest; explanations tend to be more scientific for boys
- Peers: children police the gender typical behavior of each other at a young age
- Self: gender becomes a part of their own identity; you work to enhance and maintain your gender
