Development and Gender Roles

Question 1

Erik Ericksons Theory of Psychological Development

Answer 1

• trained in psychoanalytic tradition
• expanded theory to include extended role of the ego
• development of the ego
• created stages of development

Question 2

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 2

• 1st year

- reliable, responsive care taking leads to global sense of trust

Question 3

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 3

• 2nd year

- support of self-initiated exploration leads to sense of autonomy

Question 4

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 4

• 3 to 5 years
• expanding powers allow for more interactions with the world
• leads to sense of value of initiative

Question 5

Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 5

• 6 to 13 years

- ability to initiate and achieve goals leafs to sense of industry

Question 6

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 6

• adolescence

- want to come to an identity and build off of it

Question 7

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 7

• early adulthood
• ability to connect with others on an emotional level
• both dating relationships and friendships
• ability to have a relationship with someone else without losing your own identity

Question 8

Generatively vs. Stagnation

Answer 8

• middle age
• careers, family, long term goals come to fruition
• sense of satisfaction

Question 9

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 9

• old age
• evaluate life goals and achievements
• either have positive evaluations or negative evaluation of life

Question 10

Development of Gender Roles

Answer 10

• patterns of work, appearance, and behavior that a society associates with being male or female
• appear in all cultures but in difference degrees
• gender role differences correlate with differences in status
• early differences lead to different developmental trajectories

Question 11

Development of Gender Roles: Girls

Answer 11

• early speech, writing, grammar
• longer gaze with adult females
• read emotions better
• higher empathy
• more relational aggression

Question 12

Development of Gender Roles: Boys

Answer 12

• manipulating objects
• constructing 3D forms
• aggressive/competitive behavior
• riskier behavior
• more likely to suffer physical injury
• dominance in social relations

Question 13

Nature-Nurture Issues

Answer 13

• gender roles dominated by nature-nature conception
• other factors are important: hormones, brain organization, anatomy, socialization
• without interference, boys and girls tend tone attracted to different toys based on experience and social forces

Question 14

Alexander and Hines experiment 2002

Answer 14

• took Vervet monkeys form a zoo and asked the question, would they show the same toy preference as humans?
• male monkeys played with “masculine” toys longer
• female monkeys played with “feminine” toys longer

Question 15

Early Gender Role Socialization: Girls

Answer 15

• gentler play
• gender typical toys: dolls, clothes
• parents encourage reflective, dependent, domestic behavior
• parents speak to with more feeling and support

Question 16

Early Gender Role Socialization: Boys

Answer 16

• physical, rougher play
• gender typical toys: balls, trucks
• parents encourage winning, achievement, and exploration
• parents have slower concern with injury or conflict

Question 17

Gender Role Socialization during Childhood

Answer 17

1. Parents: expect boys to be more interested in science than girls, despite grades and interest; explanations tend to be more scientific for boys
2. Peers: children police the gender typical behavior of each other at a young age
3. Self: gender becomes a part of their own identity; you work to enhance and maintain your gender