Chapters 1, 2, 9 Flashcards
Introspection
- Internal perception
- A process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature
Structuralism
-to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind
Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
-Studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus
Humanism
- the potential for good that is innate to all humans
- Maslow
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met, higher-level would begin to motivate behavior
- Highest need: self-actualization
Carl Rogers
- American psychologist, humanism
- Emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people
Multicultural Psychology
- It has remained a descriptive science, rather than one seeking cause and effect
- Culture has important impacts on individuals and social psychology, yet the effects of culture on psychology are under-studied
Personality Psychology
- Big Five: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion (OCEAN)
- Focused on identifying personality traits, measuring these traits, and determining how they interact to determine how a person will behave in any given situation
Deductive reasoning
-ideas are tested against the empirical world
Inductive reasoning
-empirical observations lead to new ideas
Archival research
- Researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with participant
- Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions
Longitudinal research
-Research design in which data gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time
Cross-sectional research
-A researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time
Illusory correlations
- False correlations between two things
- Ex. the supposed effect that the moon’s phases have on human behavior
Psychosexual Development
- According to Freud, children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development:
- Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
-Avoidant attachment
-the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves
Resistant attachment
-children tend to show clingy behavior, but then they reject the attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them
Disorganized attachment
-behaved oddly in the Strange Situation; they freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns
Authoritative style
-the parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child’s point of view; the parent places high value on conformity and obedience
Permissive style
-the kids run the show and anything goes; make few demands and rarely use punishment
Uninvolved style
-the parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands
Temperament
- refers to innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
- children with easy temperaments demonstrate positive emotions, adapt well to change, and are capable of regulating their emotions
Crystallized intelligence
- acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
- when you learn, remember, and recall information
- helps you overcome concrete, straightforward problems
Fluid intelligence
- encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
- helps you tackle complex, abstract challenges in your daily life
