Chapters 1, 2, 9

Question 1

Introspection

Answer 1

• Internal perception
• A process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature

Question 2

Structuralism

Answer 2

-to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind 


Question 3

Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

-Studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus

Question 4

Humanism

Answer 4

• the potential for good that is innate to all humans

- Maslow

Question 5

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 5

• Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met, higher-level would begin to motivate behavior
• Highest need: self-actualization

Question 6

Carl Rogers

Answer 6

• American psychologist, humanism

- Emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people

Question 7

Multicultural Psychology

Answer 7

• It has remained a descriptive science, rather than one seeking cause and effect
• Culture has important impacts on individuals and social psychology, yet the effects of culture on psychology are under-studied

Question 8

Personality Psychology

Answer 8

• Big Five: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion (OCEAN)
• Focused on identifying personality traits, measuring these traits, and determining how they interact to determine how a person will behave in any given situation

Question 9

Deductive reasoning

Answer 9

-ideas are tested against the empirical world

Question 10

Inductive reasoning

Answer 10

-empirical observations lead to new ideas

Question 11

Archival research

Answer 11

• Researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with participant
• Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions

Question 12

Longitudinal research

Answer 12

-Research design in which data gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time

Question 13

Cross-sectional research

Answer 13

-A researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time

Question 14

Illusory correlations

Answer 14

• False correlations between two things

- Ex. the supposed effect that the moon’s phases have on human behavior

Question 15

Psychosexual Development

Answer 15

• According to Freud, children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development:
• Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 16

-Avoidant attachment

Answer 16

-the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves

Question 17

Resistant attachment

Answer 17

-children tend to show clingy behavior, but then they reject the attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them

Question 18

Disorganized attachment

Answer 18

-behaved oddly in the Strange Situation; they freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns

Question 19

Authoritative style

Answer 19

-the parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child’s point of view; the parent places high value on conformity and obedience

Question 20

Permissive style

Answer 20

-the kids run the show and anything goes; make few demands and rarely use punishment

Question 21

Uninvolved style

Answer 21

-the parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands

Question 22

Temperament

Answer 22

• refers to innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
• children with easy temperaments demonstrate positive emotions, adapt well to change, and are capable of regulating their emotions

Question 23

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 23

• acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
• when you learn, remember, and recall information
• helps you overcome concrete, straightforward problems

Question 24

Fluid intelligence

Answer 24

• encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
• helps you tackle complex, abstract challenges in your daily life