Development

Question 1

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Answer 1

*A measure of wealth. It is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
It can be measured per capita (per person) or in PPP (purchasing power parity - this shows how much $1 would buy in a country).

Question 2

Poverty Line

Answer 2

The minimum income required to meet someone’s basic needs - the World Bank uses $1.25 per person per day.

Question 3

HDI (Human Development Index)

Answer 3

A measure made up of four development indicators (composite indicator) - life expectency, literacy rate, average length of schooling and GDP per capita (PPP). It gives a rank from 0-1, the higher the better.

Question 4

Access to safe drinking water

Answer 4

The percentage of the population with access to an improved (piped) water supply within 1km.

Question 5

Literacy rate

Answer 5

The percentage of the population, aged over 15, who can read and write.

Question 6

CPI (Corruption Perception Index)

Answer 6

A measure of how corrupt (dishonest) a government is. It gives a rank from 0 (corrupt) to 10 (honest). It helps companies work out how safe their money would be if it was invested in a country. Corrupt governments sometimes spend money to bribe officials or buy weapons.

Question 7

Demography

Answer 7

Factors relating to a country’s population.

Question 8

Birth rate

Answer 8

The number of live births per 1000 people per year.

Question 9

Death rate

Answer 9

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year.

Question 10

Dependency ratio

Answer 10

*The proportion of people below or above normal working age (under 15 and over 65).

It is calculated like this: number of dependents ÷ number of workers x 100. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent.

Question 11

Infant mortality

Answer 11

The number of children per 1000 who die before they are one.

Question 12

Fertility rate

Answer 12

The average number of births per woman.

Question 13

Life expectency

Answer 13

The average number of years a person can expect to live.

Question 14

Maternal mortality

Answer 14

The number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth.

Question 15

Level of development

Answer 15

A country’s wealth and its social and political progress.

Question 16

Population pyramid

Answer 16

Show population structure:the number of each sex in each age group.

Question 17

The Brandt line

Answer 17

Shows the high income countries in the global north and low income countries in the global South. The inequalities between HICs and LICs became known as the ‘North-South divide’ or Development gap.

Question 18

Champagne glass model

Answer 18

The world’s wealth ($78 trillion) is shared unequally. The top quintile (GDP rank 1-46) own nearly 83% of the world’s wealth whereas the bottom two quintiles (GDP rank 185-230) own just over 3%.

Question 19

Colonialism

Answer 19

Taking control of another country and occupying it with settlers.

Question 20

Empire

Answer 20

A group of countries ruled over by a single monarch or country.

Question 21

Colony

Answer 21

A country or region under the political control of another country and occupied by settlers of that country.

Question 22

Neo-colonialism (new colonialism)

Answer 22

The dominance of poor countries by rich countries by economic power and influence.

Question 23

Modernisation Theory - Walt Rostow

Answer 23

Rostow based his theory on what had happened in many European countries. He used his theory to explain the development gap; countries were just at different stages but would catch up if they ‘modernised’.

Criticism - the arrows move in one direction which is wrong because countries can reverse.

Question 24

Dependency theory - Andre Frank

Answer 24

Frank believed that some countries were trapped in stage 1 and 2 of Rostow’s model by wealthy developed countries.He argued that colonialism was a major cause of poverty. The economic core had become rich by exploiting resources in the economic periphery. Today neo-colonialism has a similar impact.

Criticism - they base their theories on received notions such as nation-state, capitalism and industrialisation.

Question 25

Primary sector

Answer 25

The extraction of raw materials from the ground or sea e.g farmer

Question 26

Secondary sector

Answer 26

The manufacture of goods using raw materials e.g factory workers

Question 27

Tertiary sector

Answer 27

The provision of a service e.g doctors

Question 28

Quaternary sector

Answer 28

The provision of information and expert help e.g scientists

Question 29

Globalisation

Answer 29

The way in which countries become increasingly connected to each other. Countries are connected by flows of people, goods, ideas and money.

Question 30

Reasons for globalisation - improvement in transportation

Answer 30

Larger container ships meaning the cost of transporting goods between countries has decreased. Transport improvements also mean that goods and people can travel more quickly.

Question 31

Reasons for globalisation - improvements in communication technology

Answer 31

The Internet and mobile technology have allowed greater communication between people in different countries.

Question 32

Reasons for globalisation - TNCs

Answer 32

LICs and MICs have lower labour costs and some also have high skill levels. Transnational companies (TNCs) locate in these countries to increase their profits.

Question 33

Reasons for globalisation - freedom of trade

Answer 33

Organisations like the World Trade Organisation (WTO) promote free trade between countries e.g import tariffs (taxes)

Question 34

Top-down development

Answer 34

Made by governments, inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) or large companies e.g TNCs.
Large scale
Very high-tech
Vey expensive

Question 35

Bottom-up development

Answer 35

Organisations, usually NGOs (charities), work with local communities, universities.
Small scale
Intermediate technology - local community is able to use easily without much cost.
Relatively cheap

Question 36

India - Government policy

Answer 36

The Indian government have chosen to liberalise (free) the economy and invest in education, transport and communications.

Question 37

India - globalisation

Answer 37

India has become increasingly connected with the rest of the world via TNCs, outsourcing, tourism and its diaspora.