Challenges Of An Urbanising World

Question 1

how to calculate percentage rate of change

Answer 1

Actual increase
———————— x100%
Original value

Question 2

Define ‘Urbanisation’

Answer 2

An increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas(towns and cities), compared to rural areas(the countryside).

Question 3

State one cause of urbanisation:

Reason 1- rural to urban migration

Answer 3

People move into towns and cities from the countryside. Countries in Asia and Africa have industrialised and factories built in towns and cities there attract workers. Most people in developed countries already live in urban areas so less migration is possible e.g. UK is 80% urban.

Question 4

State one cause of migration:

Reason 2- natural increase

Answer 4

Birth rates are higher than death rates in developing and emerging countries whereas the rate of natural increase in developed countries is often low or even negative.

Question 5

Define ‘megacity’

Answer 5

A city with a population of more than 10 million people.

Question 6

Define a ‘primate city’

Answer 6

Urban areas that dominate the economic and political systems in a country. Most are megacities but not all.

Question 7

Define ‘migration’

Answer 7

The movement of people from one place to another.

Question 8

Define ‘internal/national migration’

Answer 8

Movement of people from one part of a country to another.

Question 9

Define ‘international migration’

Answer 9

Movement of people from one country to to another country.

Question 10

Define ‘socio-economic processes’

Answer 10

Changes related to people and jobs, money or trade.

Question 11

Define ‘formal employment’ and give some characteristics.

Answer 11

Jobs (some highly-skilled) where people work for regular pay, have employment rights and pay taxes.

• Contracted hours
• May offer sick/holiday pay
• Some worker protection
• Many self-employed workers
• Relatively safe working environment

Question 12

Define ‘informal employment’ and give some characteristics.

Answer 12

Unofficial work, often unskilled, without regular pay and employment rights.

• No set hours
• No formal workplace e.g. the street
• Many self-employed workers

Question 13

What does ‘Land use’ mean?

Answer 13

The ‘function of the land’ e.g. ‘what is land used for’.

Question 14

List three types of land use:

Answer 14

Commercial - offices and shops
Industrial - factories and warehouses
Residential - houses

Question 15

What does ‘site’ mean?

Answer 15

The actual location of the settlement on the Earth.

Question 16

What does ‘situation’ mean?

Answer 16

The location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places.

Question 17

What does ‘connectivity’ mean?

Answer 17

How well a place is connected to other economic locations.

Question 18

Define ‘suburbanisation’

Answer 18

People move from the city centre to the edge of the city - the suburbs.

Question 19

Define ‘de-industrialisation’

Answer 19

The industry in the city begins to decline.

Question 20

Define ‘counter-urbanisation’

Answer 20

People chose to leave larger towns and cities to move to more rural areas.

Question 21

Define ‘regeneration’

Answer 21

Run-down inner city areas are redeveloped.

Question 22

Outer suburbs

Answer 22

The outer suburbs grew along the railway lines. People used the railways to commute to the CBD.

Question 23

Inner suburbs

Answer 23

Inner suburbs contain chawls - poor quality older houses built for textile mill workers. Older slums are located here e.g. Dharavi

Question 24

Central Business District (CBD)

Answer 24

The CBD is located at the southern end of the peninsula. Company HQ’s are found here e.g. VW. Very wealthy people live in New expensive apartments along the waterfront.

Question 25

Rurall-Urban fringe

Answer 25

Mumbai doesn’t really have a rural-urban fringe but there are green areas such as the Sanjay Ghandi national park in the North and marshland near the river Ulhas in the east.

Question 26

Navi Mumbai

Answer 26

New Mumbai was built in 1970 and is part of Mumbai’s outer suburbs. It was built to reduce congestion on the peninsula.

Question 27

What us Mumbai’s population?

Answer 27

21 million

Question 28

Quality of life

Answer 28

Is the degree of well-being (physical and psychological) felt by an individual or group of people in a particular area.

Question 29

Urban equality

Answer 29

There are significant differences in quality of life in Mumbai.

Question 30

Top-down strategy:

Vision Mumbai

Answer 30

Costs $40 billion and it aims to improve Mumbai’s quality of life by 2050.

Advantages: piped water and sewage systems were established for the new flats, new measures were introduced to improve air quality.

Disadvantages: rents cost more than in the slums, many prefer slum improvement rather than demolition.

Question 31

Top-down strategy:

Gorai Garbage Site Closure Project

Answer 31

Gorai was one of the unhealthiest places to live in Mumbai. The waste was reshaped into a gentle hill, covered in layers of living material to prevent leaching and put in methane capture technology.

Question 32

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Gorai Garbage Site Closure Project

Answer 32

Advantages: the area has fresh air and a popular park beside it, property prices have increased and pollution has been reduced

Disadvantages: housing may be unaffordable for some people, actions should have been taken earlier - rather than 35 years later.

Question 33

Top-down strategy:

Mumbai Monorail

Answer 33

The monorail would get people off roads and off buses so the buses wouldn’t move as slowy on the roads. They run on electricity - no CO2 emitted.

Advantages: governments have the authority to make big decisions affecting the lives of thousands of residents, tickers are cheap, environmentally sustainable

Disadvantages: passenger numbers have been much lower than expected, very expensive ($310 million for just the first part)

Question 34

Bottom-up strategy:

SPARC

Answer 34

An Indian NGO that works with communities in Mumbai to build new toilet blocks, connected to city sewers and water supplies - the city government charged individual prices for each use.

Question 35

Advantages and Disadvantages of SPARC

Answer 35

Advantages: they were able to respond directly to community needs and involve the community in providing solutions, in the last 5 years SPARC has provided 800 toilet blocks, each containing 8 toilets

Disadvantages:should be the governments responsibility to provide public toilets; not local communities.

Question 36

Bottom-up strategy:

Agora Microfinance

Answer 36

A banking service that specialises in microfinance for Mumbai’s slum residents. The company provides loans for people who want tk improve their homes or invest in their existing business or micro-business.

Question 37

Advantages and Disadvantages of Agora Microfinance

Answer 37

Advantages: service was impossible for the urban poor to access previously.

Disadvantages: the interest rates are high at 25%, reducing the profits that people can make.

Question 38

Bottom-up strategy:

Lok Seva Sangam (LSS)

Answer 38

A health charity working in Mumbai. It raises its owns funds and employs volunteers. It was set up in 1976 to control and eradicate leprosy in Chunabhatti slum.

Question 39

Advantages and Disadvantages of LSS

Answer 39

Advantages: by 2007 cases had reduced to 219 and in 30 years, it treated 28,000 people for leprosy, of whom 75% were cured.

Disadvantages: it isn’t city-wide nor country-wide

Question 40

Sustainable city

Answer 40

Provides a good quality of life for all its residents without using up resources in a way that means future generations will have to accept lower quality of life.