Development Flashcards
Freud - Psychoanalytic Theory
Human behavior is determined by the action and the interplay of unconscious drives: pleasure and aggression
Freud - Psychoanalytic Theory
Subconscious (unconscious)
repressed experiences and fantasies (content too overwhelming)
Freud - Psychoanalytic Theory
Preconscious
content not needed in the moment, but could be accessed - suppressed NOT repressed - “I’ll worry about that tomorrow”
Freud - Psychoanalytic Theory
Conscious
access to stimuli from the outer world, as well as, “inner events” thoughts emotions and memories - reality based functioning
Freud - Psychoanalytic Theory
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
ID - primal desires, basic nature - your wild child
EGO - reason and self-control - your practical “grown up” self
Superego - the quest for perfection - your philosophical and spiritual ideals
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stage 1
Oral
Birth-1 year
point of interest = mouth
activities for gratification = sucking, chewing
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stage 2
Anal
1-3 years
Point of interest = anus
Activities for gratification = withholding or expelling feces
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stage 3
Phallic
3-6 years
point of interest=genitals
activities for gratification = fondling with genitals, masturbation
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stage 4
Latency
6-puberty
Point of Interest = Environment
Activities for gratification = games, play
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stage 5
Genital
Adolescence/Adulthood
Point of interest = opposite
activities for gratification = crushes, going steady, marriage
Personality Development via Psychosexual Stages: Adult Personality Types
Oral: infantile, demanding, dependent behavior
Preoccupation with oral gratification
Anal: stinginess, focus on accumulating and collecting
Rigidity in forms and routines
Suspiciousness
Legalistic thinking
Phallic: selfishly exploits others without out regard for needs or concerns
Evolution of Defense MechanismsAnna Freud
Unconscious attempts, by ego, to expel from consciousness sexual and aggressive impulses
Result is reduction in anxiety
Not inherently pathological; issue is their rigidity or inflexibility as it affects social functioning
Denial
Confrontation with a personal problem or with reality is avoided by denying the existence of the problem or reality
Projection
Rejects his or her own unacceptable attributes by ascribing them to others.
Regression
Resuming behaviors associated with an earlier developmental stage or level of functioning in order to avoid present anxiety.
(Ex: First born child shows bed-wetting after new sibling is born)
Repression
Keeping unwanted thoughts and feelings entirely out of awareness or consciousness.
A crucial mechanism in all neurotic behavior.
Major repression: loss of memory for specific incidents, especially traumatic ones or those associated with painful emotions (fugue state)
Minor repression: lapses of memory at significant times (introducing a well-known speaker)
Suppression
Putting out of awareness, consciously, something that is disturbing and anxiety provoking (can be helpful)
Displacement
Shifting negative feelings about one person or situation onto another
Intellectualization
Avoiding unacceptable emotions…hyper intellectual manner
Introjection
Person internalizes the beliefs of other people. (common among children and parents).When people introject, they identify with a person or object so strongly that they cannot separate that person or object from themselves.
Identification
Person patterns his or her personality on that of another person, assuming the person’s qualities, characteristics, and actions.
Normal for 3- to 5-year-olds who identify with parental same-sex figures.
Resurgence in adolescence as a major task of identifying with peers.
Beyond these…it is seen as maladaptive
Isolation of Affect
Splitting of thoughts from the feelings originally associated with them
Repression of feelings associated with particular content or experience
Recognizable in the person who is able to talk about things that would ordinarily make a person wince without any noticeable feeling
Ex. A doctor describing a mutilated accident victim in cool clinical terms is someone who is adaptively using isolation of affect.
Rationalizing
Justifying one’s behaviors and motivations by substituting “good”, acceptable reasons for these real motivations
Ex. “I always study hard for tests and I know a lot of people who cheat so it’s not a big deal I cheated this time.”
Undoing
Trying to reverse or “undo” a thought or feeling by performing an action that signifies an opposite feeling than your original thought or feeling
Ex. You have feelings of dislike for someone so you buy them a gift
Denial
Not accepting reality because it is too painful.
Ex. You are arrested for drunk driving several times but don’t believe you have a problem with alcohol
Splitting
Everything in the world is seen as all good or all bad with nothing in between.
Ex. You think your best friend is absolutely worthless because he forgot a lunch date with you.
Reaction Formation
Involves replacing an impulse with its extreme opposite.
Often turning the forbidden wish into its opposite.
Response is often seen as excessive, “too much”
Ex. Person who feels an uncontrollable need to drink instead forbids all drinking, pickets taverns, and does everything possible to stop the entire world from drinking alcoholic beverages.
Somatization
Tendency to experience and communicate psychological distress in the form ofphysical symptoms and to seek medical help for them
Sublimation
Converting an impulse from a socially unacceptable aim to a socially acceptable one (aggression…football)
Major Ego Functions
Reality Testing Judgement Sense of Identity Impulse Control Interpersonal (Object) relations Regulation of Thought Processes Regression in Service of the Ego Defensive Functioning Stimulus Regulation Synthetic-Integrative Function Autonomous Functioning
Major Ego Functions
Reality Testing
Accurate perception of the external environment, one’s internal world and of the differences between them.
Is the client oriented to time, place, and person?
Is there evidence of a thought disorder (hallucinations, delusions, loose associations)?
Major Ego Functions
Judgment
Capacity to identify courses of action by anticipating and weighing consequences of behavior
Critical for effective problem solving
Major Ego Functions
Sense of Identity
Coherent physical and psychological sense of self.
Major Ego Functions
Impulse Control
Ability to distinguish between primary (drives or impulses) and secondary (planned) mental processes
Major Ego Functions
Interpersonal (Object) Relations
Development of one’s internalized sense of self and of others
Ability to manage relationships appropriately toward goal achievement
Ability to see other people as unique rather than replications of significant others from our past
Major Ego Functions
Regulation of Thought Processes
Capacity to perceive, attend to stimuli, concentrate, anticipate, symbolize, remember and reason in order to undertake appropriate action
Communicates thought clearly through language
Thinking and speaking are organized, logical, oriented to reality rather than fragmented and irrational
Major Ego Functions
Regression in Service of the Ego
An ability to permit oneself to relax, without guilt. (Example…mental health day)
To experience aspects of self that are not ordinarily based on current reality
Can emerge with increased adaptive capacity
Major Ego Functions
Defensive Functioning
automatic psychological processing that protects against anxiety or fear. (example…humor)
Do they seem to be adaptive or a source of conflict for the client?
Major Ego Functions
Stimulus Regulation
Regulating the amount of stimulation received so that it is optimal: neither too little nor too great.
Can the client screen and select external stimuli to maintain a focus on relevant life concerns?
Does the client tend to become overwhelmed or underwhelmed?
Major Ego Functions
Synthetic-Integrative Function
Capacity to organize mental processes into a coherent form. Responsible for personality integration, resolution of splits, fragmentations, and conflicting tendencies within the personality
Major Ego Functions
Autonomous Functioning
Degree of freedom from impairment of primary autonomous capabilities
Sight, hearing, language, motor function, intelligence, memory, learning; capacity to maintain attention, concentration
These functions are autonomous from the drives, conflict free, and do not arise in response to frustration and conflict
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial development
Mastering the development crises of each stage allows for psychological adaption and growth - Impact of Environment and culture
Erikson, Issue to Resolve
Trust vs. Mistrust
birth - 1 year, infancy
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Erikson, Issue to Resolve
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
1-3. toddlerhood
Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves. or they doubt their abilities
Erikson, Issue to Resolve
Initiative vs. guilt
3-6, preschool
preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
Erikson, Issue to Resolve
competency vs. inferiority
6-puberty, elementary school
children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
Erikson, Issue to Resolve
Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles
and them integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Erikson, Issue to Resolve
intimacy vs. isolation
early 20’s-40’s
young adults work to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated - this one is built on the previous stages
Erikson, Issue to Resolve
generativity vs. stagnation
40’s-60’s
In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Erikson, Issue to Resolve
Integrity vs. despair
Mid 60’s and up
reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
