Development

Question 1

Brain

Answer 1

the organ in your head made up of nerves that process information and controls behaviour

Question 2

Forebrain

Answer 2

the anterior part of the brain, including the hemispheres and the central brain structures

Question 3

Midbrain

Answer 3

the middle section of the brain forming part of the central nervous system

Question 4

Hindbrain

Answer 4

the lower part of the brain that includes the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata

Question 5

Anterior

Answer 5

directed towards the front, when used in relation to our biology

Question 6

Posterior

Answer 6

directed towards the back, when used in relation to our biology

Question 7

Cerebellum

Answer 7

an area of the brain near to the brainstem that controls motor movements (muscle activity)

Question 8

Medulla oblongata

Answer 8

connects the upper brain to the spinal cord and controls automatic responses

Question 9

Involuntary response

Answer 9

a response to a stimulus that occurs without someone making a conscious choice. They are automatic, such as reflexes

Question 10

Neural connections

Answer 10

links formed by messages passing from one nerve cell (neuron) to another

Question 11

Cognitive

Answer 11

thinking, including problem-solving, perceiving, remembering, using language and reasoning

Question 12

Operations

Answer 12

how we reason and think about things

Question 13

Object permanence

Answer 13

knowing something exists even if its out of sight

Question 14

Symbolic play

Answer 14

children play using objects and ideas to represent other objects and ideas

Question 15

Egocentrism

Answer 15

unable to see the world from any other viewpoint but one’s own

Question 16

Animism

Answer 16

believing that objects that are not alive can behave as if they are alive

Question 17

Centration

Answer 17

focusing on one feature of a situation and ignoring other relevant features

Question 18

Irreversibility

Answer 18

not understanding that an action can be reversed to return to the original state

Question 19

Morality

Answer 19

general principles about what is right and wrong, including good and bad behaviour

Question 20

Schema/ schemata(s) (development)

Answer 20

mental representations of the world based on one’s own experiences. The plural of schema is ‘schemata’ though ‘schemas’ can also be used and is more common

Question 21

Adaptation

Answer 21

using assimilation and accommodation to make sense of the world

Question 22

Assimilation

Answer 22

incorporating new experiences into existing schemas

Question 23

Accommodation

Answer 23

when a schema has to be changed to deal with a new experience

Question 24

Equilibrium

Answer 24

when a child’s schemas can explain all that they experience; a state of mental balance

Question 25

Subjective

Answer 25

based on personal opinion or feelings

Question 26

Validity

Answer 26

when the results of a study represent the situation they are testing (in real life)

Question 27

Mindset

Answer 27

a set of beliefs someone has that guides how someone responds to or interprets a situation

Question 28

Ability

Answer 28

what someone can do, such as maths ability or ability to play tennis. Dweck suggests ability can be seen as either fixed and innate or as able to be improved

Question 29

Effort

Answer 29

when you try to do better using determination

Question 30

Fixed mindset

Answer 30

believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable

Question 31

Growth mindset

Answer 31

believing practice and effort can improve your abilities

Question 32

Working memory

Answer 32

has different parts for processing information coming in from our senses, including visual and sound data, and also involves a decision-making part

Question 33

Short-term memory

Answer 33

our initial memory store that is temporary and limited

Question 34

Rehearse

Answer 34

repeat information over and over to make it stick

Question 35

Long-term memory

Answer 35

a memory store that holds potentially limitless amounts of information for up to a lifetime

Question 36

Motor skills

Answer 36

actions that involve muscles and brain processes, resulting in movement

Question 37

Decentration

Answer 37

being able to separate yourself from the world and take different views of a situation, so not being egocentric

Question 38

Social learning

Answer 38

learning by observing and copying others

Question 39

Self-regulation

Answer 39

limiting and controlling yourself without influence from others

Question 40

Nature

Answer 40

explanations of behaviour that focus on innate factors (the things we are born with)

Question 41

Nurture

Answer 41

explanations of behaviour that focus on environmental factors (the things that happen to us)

Question 42

Qualitative data

Answer 42

data that is descriptive, not numbers, such as words or pictures

Question 43

Reliability

Answer 43

the consistency of an outcome or result of an investigation (a measure)

Question 44

Framework

Answer 44

a basic understanding of ideas and facts that is used when making decisions

Question 45

Person praise

Answer 45

someone praises the individual rather than what they are doing

Question 46

Process praise

Answer 46

someone praises what is being done, not the individual

Question 47

Entity theory/ motivational framework

Answer 47

a belief that behaviour or ability results from a person’s nature

Question 48

Incremental theory/ motivational framework

Answer 48

a belief that effort drives behaviour and ability, which can change

Question 49

Ecological validity

Answer 49

the extent to which the findings still explain the behaviour in real life situations

Question 50

Ethics

Answer 50

moral principles about how someone should behave in society

Question 51

Debrief

Answer 51

after an investigation, participants are given full disclosure of the study

Question 52

Generalisability

Answer 52

the extent to which the results of a study represent the whole population, not just the sample used

Question 53

Morals

Answer 53

standards of right and wrong behaviour that can differ between cultures and can depend on the situation

Question 54

Moral development

Answer 54

children’s growing understanding about right and wrong

Question 55

Heteronomous

Answer 55

rules put into place by others

Question 56

Autonomous

Answer 56

rules can be decided by the individual person

Question 57

Norms

Answer 57

society’s values and customs, which a person in that society would be governed by

Question 58

Nativist theories

Answer 58

theories that view morality as part of human nature