Criminal Psychology

Question 1

Operant conditioning

Answer 1

learning from the consequences of actions

Question 2

Positive reinforcement

Answer 2

receiving something pleasant for a behaviour, so we repeat it

Question 3

Negative reinforcement

Answer 3

the avoidance of something unpleasant, so we do it again

Question 4

Positive punishment

Answer 4

receiving something unpleasant for a behaviour, so we do not do it again

Question 5

Negative punishment

Answer 5

removing something pleasant so we do not repeat the behaviour again

Question 6

Primary reinforcer

Answer 6

a reinforcer that satisfies a biological need

Question 7

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 7

a reinforcer of no survival value, but we have learned to associate it with a primary reinforcer

Question 8

Social learning theory

Answer 8

behaviour is learned through the observation and imitation of role models

Question 9

Modelling

Answer 9

learning a new behaviour through paying attention to, retaining and reproducing the behaviour of a role model

Question 10

Observational learning

Answer 10

learning new behaviours through watching and modelling a role model

Question 11

Role model

Answer 11

a person who we admire or with whom we share similar characteristics

Question 12

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 12

motivation to model the behaviours of others who we see being rewarded for their behaviour

Question 13

Identification

Answer 13

temporarily adopting the behaviour of a role model or group

Question 14

Monozygotic twins

Answer 14

twins developed from one fertilised egg that has split into two; monozygotic twins are genetically identical

Question 15

Dizygotic twins

Answer 15

twins developed from two different eggs fertilised during the same pregnancy; dizygotic twins are not genetically identical

Question 16

Personality

Answer 16

characteristics and qualities that make up someone’s individual character

Question 17

Temperament

Answer 17

the nature someone is born with, which affects their behaviour

Question 18

Extraversion

Answer 18

behaviour that is outgoing, sensation-seeking and sociable

Question 19

Introversion

Answer 19

behaviour that is reserved, calm and quiet

Question 20

Unstable neuroticism

Answer 20

a personality trait associated with being over-reactive in stressful situations, over-emotional and anxious

Question 21

Stable neuroticism

Answer 21

a personality trait associated with being unreactive in stressful situations and emotionally unaffected

Question 22

Psychoticism

Answer 22

a personality trait that is cold, lacks empathy, is antisocial and can be aggressive

Question 23

Eysenck’s personality questionnaire (EPQ)

Answer 23

questionnaire to measure extraversion, introversion, stable and unstable neuroticism, and psychoticism

Question 24

Socialisation

Answer 24

the way you are raised and taught how to behave

Question 25

Holism

Answer 25

the theory of explaining something as a whole

Question 26

Sociologist

Answer 26

a type of researcher interested in effects of social conditions on behaviour and societies

Question 27

Recidivism

Answer 27

when an offender is punishment for their crime but commits another crime when released (rate of reoffending)

Question 28

Rehabilitative

Answer 28

a programme designed to help offenders rather than punish them

Question 29

Detention/ custody

Answer 29

a prison sentence

Question 30

Humanitarian

Answer 30

a concern with the welfare of humans

Question 31

Community sentencing

Answer 31

when an offender serves a sentence in the community rather than in prison; they have to pay back the community by doing jobs such as removing graffiti

Question 32

Curfew

Answer 32

having to be home at certain times, such as between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.

Question 33

Restorative justice

Answer 33

when a victim and offender meet; it is a process used to help a victim recover and make an offender understand the impact of their crime

Question 34

Token economy programme

Answer 34

a programme designed to reward prisoners for prosocial behaviour, prisoners collect tokens that can be exchanged for privileges

Question 35

Anger management programme

Answer 35

cognitive behavioural treatment for violent offenders to help them control their anger

Question 36

Psychopath

Answer 36

a person who is characterised by a lack of guilt and emotion, antisocial behaviour and selfishness

Question 37

Demand characteristics

Answer 37

when the behaviour of participants changes because they deprive cues from the experimenter about the nature of the study and conform to those expectations

Question 38

Independent variable

Answer 38

what a researcher changes to see the effects of such a change

Question 39

Dependent variable

Answer 39

what a researcher measures to see what effects come from their changes to the independent variable