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GCSE Psychology > Criminal Psychology > Flashcards

Criminal Psychology Flashcards

Mastery of Keywords

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1
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learning from the consequences of actions

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2
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

receiving something pleasant for a behaviour, so we repeat it

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3
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the avoidance of something unpleasant, so we do it again

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4
Q

Positive punishment

A

receiving something unpleasant for a behaviour, so we do not do it again

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5
Q

Negative punishment

A

removing something pleasant so we do not repeat the behaviour again

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6
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

a reinforcer that satisfies a biological need

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7
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

a reinforcer of no survival value, but we have learned to associate it with a primary reinforcer

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8
Q

Social learning theory

A

behaviour is learned through the observation and imitation of role models

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9
Q

Modelling

A

learning a new behaviour through paying attention to, retaining and reproducing the behaviour of a role model

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10
Q

Observational learning

A

learning new behaviours through watching and modelling a role model

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11
Q

Role model

A

a person who we admire or with whom we share similar characteristics

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12
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

motivation to model the behaviours of others who we see being rewarded for their behaviour

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13
Q

Identification

A

temporarily adopting the behaviour of a role model or group

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14
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

twins developed from one fertilised egg that has split into two; monozygotic twins are genetically identical

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15
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

twins developed from two different eggs fertilised during the same pregnancy; dizygotic twins are not genetically identical

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16
Q

Personality

A

characteristics and qualities that make up someone’s individual character

17
Q

Temperament

A

the nature someone is born with, which affects their behaviour

18
Q

Extraversion

A

behaviour that is outgoing, sensation-seeking and sociable

19
Q

Introversion

A

behaviour that is reserved, calm and quiet

20
Q

Unstable neuroticism

A

a personality trait associated with being over-reactive in stressful situations, over-emotional and anxious

21
Q

Stable neuroticism

A

a personality trait associated with being unreactive in stressful situations and emotionally unaffected

22
Q

Psychoticism

A

a personality trait that is cold, lacks empathy, is antisocial and can be aggressive

23
Q

Eysenck’s personality questionnaire (EPQ)

A

questionnaire to measure extraversion, introversion, stable and unstable neuroticism, and psychoticism

24
Q

Socialisation

A

the way you are raised and taught how to behave

25
Q

Holism

A

the theory of explaining something as a whole

26
Q

Sociologist

A

a type of researcher interested in effects of social conditions on behaviour and societies

27
Q

Recidivism

A

when an offender is punishment for their crime but commits another crime when released (rate of reoffending)

28
Q

Rehabilitative

A

a programme designed to help offenders rather than punish them

29
Q

Detention/ custody

A

a prison sentence

30
Q

Humanitarian

A

a concern with the welfare of humans

31
Q

Community sentencing

A

when an offender serves a sentence in the community rather than in prison; they have to pay back the community by doing jobs such as removing graffiti

32
Q

Curfew

A

having to be home at certain times, such as between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.

33
Q

Restorative justice

A

when a victim and offender meet; it is a process used to help a victim recover and make an offender understand the impact of their crime

34
Q

Token economy programme

A

a programme designed to reward prisoners for prosocial behaviour, prisoners collect tokens that can be exchanged for privileges

35
Q

Anger management programme

A

cognitive behavioural treatment for violent offenders to help them control their anger

36
Q

Psychopath

A

a person who is characterised by a lack of guilt and emotion, antisocial behaviour and selfishness

37
Q

Demand characteristics

A

when the behaviour of participants changes because they deprive cues from the experimenter about the nature of the study and conform to those expectations

38
Q

Independent variable

A

what a researcher changes to see the effects of such a change

39
Q

Dependent variable

A

what a researcher measures to see what effects come from their changes to the independent variable

GCSE Psychology (2 decks)

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