Development Flashcards
What is development?
The use of resources to improve the quality of life in a country
When does development occur in a low income country?
Local food supply improves due to investment in farm machinery and fertilisers
The electricity grid extends outwards from the main urban areas to rural areas
Levels of literacy improve throughout the country
What is gross national product?
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year plus income earned by the country’s residents from foreign investments minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.
Why do countries use gross national product per capita?
Because it takes into account the different populations of countries. This is found by dividing the total GNP of a country by the total population. Per capita figures allow for better comparisons between countries when their total populations are very different.
What do adult literacy rates measure?
How many adults can read and write in a certain area or nation
Why is improving female literacy rate important to development in an LEDC?
This would mean that it would be easier for females to get employed, earn money and therefore live a nicer life.
Why is life expectancy an important measure of development?
It shows people have access to healthcare when they become ill. This means that people can live for longer and therefore earn money to provide for their family.
What is infant mortality rate?
The number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births. It is an important measure of development as, if a country’s infant mortality rate is high, it indicates it is a less developed country as people do not have access to healthcare or the money to get better.
Name three continents in the ‘richer north’
Norway, Australia and Canada
Name three continents in the ‘poorer south’
Burundi, Niger and sierra Leon
What is an indicator of development?
A measure or statistic that tells us how developed a country is.
What is gross national product per capita?
The total values of goods and services produced by the country in a year, plus income earned by the country’s residents from foreign investments and minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.
What is purchasing power parity (PPP)?
Income data that has been adjusted to take account of differences in the cost of living between countries
What is a development gap?
The difference in wealth and other indicators between the world’s richest and poorest countries
What is the human development index (HDI)?
The United Nations measure of disparities between countries using life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years, expected years of schooling for children of school entering age and GNP per capita.
What does it mean by a least developed country (LDC)?
The poorest of the developing countries. They have major economic, institutional and human resource problems.
What is a newly industrialised country (NIC)?
Nations that have undergone rapid and successful industrialisation since the 1960s
What is adult literacy rate?
The % of people that can read and write
What is life expectancy?
The average age a person is expected to live
What is the Gini coefficient?
The Gini coefficient is a technique frequently used to show the extent of income inequality. It allows analysis of changes in income inequality over time in individual countries and comparison between countries.
What is the economic core?
The area of a region where economic growth takes place
What is the periphery?
The outlying areas of the region that may be disadvantaged by the growth of the economic core. This area could start to gain from the economic core (regional economic divergence/convergence)
What factors affect inequality within a country?
Residence
Ethnicity and employment
Education
Land ownership
What is the primary sector?
Exploits raw materials from land, water and air
What is the secondary sector?
Manufactured primary materials into finished products. Secondary products are classed either as consumer goods or capital goods.
What is the tertiary sector?
Provides services to businesses and to people
What is the quaternary sector?
Uses high technology to provide information and expertise. Research and development is an important part of this sector.
Examples of jobs in the primary sector
Farming, fishing, forestry, mining, quarrying
Examples of jobs in the secondary sector
The production of processed food, furniture, motor vehicles
Examples of jobs in the tertiary sector
Retail employees, drivers, architects, teachers, nurses
Examples of jobs in the quaternary sector
Aerospace engineers, research scientists, computer scientists, biotechnology workers
Where is the economic core region in Brazil?
South east Brazil
What is outsourcing?
This is the business practice of hiring a company (overseas) to perform services that were once done in - house by the company’s own staff. Usually done as a cost - cutting measure.
What is globalisation?
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence in the world, economically, culturally and politically. Most political borders are not the obstacles that they once were and as a result goods, capital, labour and ideas flow more freely across them than ever before.
Why has globalisation occurred?
Improvements in international transport Development of technology The growth of TNCs Reduced labour costs Removal of trade barriers
What are TNCs?
A transnational corporation (TNC) is a firm that owns or controls productive operations in more than one country through foreign direct investment (FDI). TNCs can exploit raw materials, produce goods such as cars and oil, and provide services such as banking.
