Development

Question 1

What are Freud’s stages of development?

Answer 1

Oral (birth to 18 – 24 months)
Anal (18 – 24 months to 3 years):
Phallic (3 to 6 years)
Latency (5 years to puberty)
Genital (puberty to adulthood)

Question 2

What are piaget’s stages of development?

Answer 2

Sensorimotor (birth to 18 – 24 months)
Pre-operational (18 – 24 months to 7 years)
Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years)
Formal Operations (12 years – adulthood)

Question 3

Describe Repression

Answer 3

Repression: hiding away wishes in the unconscious

Question 4

Describe Displacement

Answer 4

Displacement: symptoms (wishes/impulses) that are hidden in one area appear
in another

Question 5

Sublimation

Answer 5

Sublimation: channeling instincts/wishes/impulses into socially accepted and
valuable activity (e.g., painting)

Question 6

Denial:

Answer 6

Denial: failure to acknowledge a truth that produces anxiety

Question 7

Rationalization

Answer 7

Rationalization: actions based on one motive justified by a more acceptable
motive

Question 8

Reaction formation

Answer 8

Reaction formation: displaying a trait that is the opposite of a repressed one

Question 9

Projection

Answer 9

Projection: Attributing your own unacceptable impulses to another

Question 10

Regression

Answer 10

Regression: reverting to behaviors seen in earlier stages of development to
obtain care/resources that alleviate anxiety

Question 11

Sensorimotor

Answer 11

Sensorimotor (birth to 18 – 24 months): dependence on exploration of
perceptual stimuli through sensory modalities; development of object
permanence

Question 12

Pre-operational

Answer 12

Pre-operational (18 – 24 months to 7 years): language development and
symbolic capacities; magical explanations; single perceptual attribute at focus;
causality based on temporal or spatial nearness; limited attention span and
memory; imaginary friends; egocentrism;

Question 13

Concrete Operations

Answer 13

Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years): ability to conserve volume and quantity;
reversibility of events; perspective-taking; logical dialogue; complex causal
sequences

Question 14

Formal Operations

Answer 14

Formal Operations (12 years – adulthood): manipulation of ideas and
concepts; expansion of formal fund of knowledge; abstract reasoning and
hypothetical evaluation of problems and solutions; metacognition that allows
understanding of divergent perspectives

Question 15

Erikson stages

Answer 15

1) Trust vs. mistrust (infancy): conflict resolves via relationship with loving, responsive
parents
2) Autonomy vs. shame (early childhood/toddlerhood): resolved through opportunities to
exercise free choice and self-control with appropriate supervision; learning rules and
self-control; will power
3) Initiative vs. guilt (preschool): resolution leads to feelings of purpose and control
4) Industry vs. inferiority (school age): resolution leads to feelings of competency
5) Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence): resolution leads to an integrated sense of
self
6) Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood): resolution enables feeling of love towards
others
7) Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood): marked by caring for others and
productivity in society
8) Ego integrity vs. despair (late adulthood): wisdom; integrity and selfhood that
withstands physical deterioration

Question 16

Describe the four attachment classifications

Answer 16

a. Secure – glad to see caregiver, seek comfort upon return
b. Avoidant – ignore/avoid caregiver upon return
c. Resistant – reject efforts from caregiver at contact upon return
d. Disorganized – inconsistent strategy that includes avoidant and resistant behaviors in addition to unusual behaviors including freezing; seen in children who have been abused and/or neglected

Question 17

Describe the 5 ecosystems

Answer 17

1) microsystem: immediate context for an individual (e.g., family, classroom)
2) mesosystem: two microsystems in interaction
3) exosystem: external environment that directly influences development (e.g.,
parental workplace)
4) macrosystem: broader social context
5) chronosystem: evolution of external systems over time