Development Flashcards
What are the 5 types of development and strands classed in that type
Environment - environmental change , sustainability , conservation
Demographic (to do with population numbers ) - life expectancy , mobility , birth and death rates , personal wealth
Social - social justice , equal opportunities , quality of life , satisfaction
Cultural - education , culture , identity
Political - freedom of speech , democratic government
What boosts development
External boosters - globalisations , geopolitics ( good relationships with other countries ) , tncs and international agencies,
Resources - natural resources , technology , enterprise , innovation , labour
Internal boosters - business culture , national ambition , government intervention
What are outcomes of development
Sectoral shifts , higher productivity , special inequalities ( disparities ) , social change , greater mobility , rising living standards , better quality of life , environmental impacts , more democracy
What is the HDI
Hunan development index - a way to measure development by life expectancy + literacy rate +enrolment rate + gdp per capita
What is PPP
Purchasing power parity , compares the amount money can buy in different countries
Gdp
Gross domestic product, the total value of goods and services produced by country
Gdp per capita
GDP per person, worked out the total GDP divided by the population of the area
GN I
Gross national income, the total value of the countries economic production plus income earned from investments abroad. Often given as GNI per capita-total GNI divided by total population
Percent of primary sector jobs
Percent of people employed in manual labour jobs e.g. farming/mining
Percent of secondary sector jobs
Percent of people employed in manufacturing jobs e.g. working in a factory
Percent of tertiary sector jobs
Percent of people employed in service industries e.g. teachers/lawyers
Percent of quaternary sector jobs
Percent of people employed in industries which provides specialist information and expertise e.g. scientific research plants
Birth rate
Number of births per thousand per year- shows birth control low birth rate shows good demographic development. High birth rate shows lack of education. LIC’s have lots of children because only a few will live until adult hood and more children equals more help but HIcs children are more expensive and are had later
Death rate
Number of deaths per thousand per year - shows crime rate , health services , disease control , across to clean water
Infant mortality rate
Number of children under 1 who die
Diet
Amount and kind of food consumed by a person . Lots of food = people can afford to eat properly good diet shows well developed
Pqli
Physical quality of life index-a way to measure development which includes three indicators literacy and infant mortality and life expectancy
What does employment sector percent tell us about development
How many people have important jobs, more important jobs show more development
What does energy consumption tell us
Developed countries use more energy for manufacturing, transport telecommunications et cetera
What Is development
Development means change and it implies that change is for the better . It usually means ecenomic change which improves people’s standard of living
What is a development gap
The widening gap in the level of development between the worlds richest and poorest , it can also occur within a country (region)
How are development patterns changing
HICS - sustained development - not changing
Lics - some stagnant held back by disease or natural disaster
Mics - strong development changing the patten (BRICS)
Lics- some development changing pattern (Namibia)
What is the Brandt line and what does it show
Shows a wealthy north possessing 80% of global wealth and a poor south with just 20% of global wealth even though it contains two thirds of world population
What is a development gap
The widening difference in levels of development between the worlds richest and poorest countries it can also occur within countries (regional)
Medcs
Most economically developed countries such as UK USA
Cpes
Centrally planned ecenomic are socialist counties like North Korea , high living standards but low freedom of alle
NICS
Transition ecenomies like the original Asian Tigers ecenomies like South Korea and Taiwan. Do use all countries that have experienced rapid industrial, social and economic growth since 1960, by contrast old industrial countries OICS are usually MEDCS . Recently industrialising countries(RICs) are those that have followed the same path as N I C is only more recently such as chilli. Emergent economies are usually MICS
What does the north south divide show
Describes difference in wealth in the developed world and the developing world .
BRICS
Brazil , Indonesia , China , South Africa
Why do LICS remain stagnant
Obstacles - lack of resources , civil war , misrule corruption , unattractive to investment and enterprise = low level of economic developments
what are awakening ecenomies
LICS beginning to slowly move up development staircase , it’s development is triggered by exploitation of resources such as oil (Nigeria ) , minerals (Botswana )
Advanced ecenomies
HIcs , despite loss of manufacturing to MICS , process of development continues on high tech industries , expanding range of services and new quaternary sector
Why is southern Italy less developed
Mountainous relief makes communications and settlement difficult
The climate of hot dry summers and cold yet wet winters is not ideal for agriculture
Poor quality grazing for sheep and goats
Poor transport links with the rest of the country
Little employment outside agriculture much emigration in search of work (brain drain)
How has the Italian government tries to lesson the north and south divide in Italy
New motorways have been built
New irrigation schemes allow tomatoes citrus fruits and vegetables to be grown
Large-scale manufacturing such as iron and steel and production of motor vehicles has been located in the South such as the fiat Melfi car plant
Why is northern Italy so prosperous
Good supply of energy, natural gas in the pope basin and hydroelectric power from the Alps
More jobs in manufacturing and services, a growing quaternary sector
Fertile low land with irrigation water available
Close to European markets within hot banana
Better quality housing and services , higher standard of living
What factors make a country an emergent economy
Investment by foreign companies , tncs
Few regulations to hinder industrial growth
Large labour force - cheap and fairly skilled
Natural resources - particularly energy
What are factors that influence development
Physical factors - climate , diseases thrive in tropical climates and droughts are commen menacing less crops
Natural hazards - floods, droughts and tectonic activity can limit future growth and destroy buildings and a country may need to use income to recover from these events
Landlocked countries - 15 counties innafrica are landlocked , so they cannot transport goods easily be
Natural resources - minerals gas and oil can be exploited for countries development
Human factors
Historical development - colonialism , Europeans left countries with little industry and political unrest
Political factors - poor governance deters investment and countries money is spent in weapons or an afluent lifestyle of an elite group of people
Ecenomic factors - world trade is often unfair , LICS make primary produce and have to compete with each other to lower prices while HIcs make money packaging and manufacturing the food
Social factors
Poor education means countries cannot develop and bad health services means there is a smaller workforce
What is a development indicator
Measures that are used to access the level of development such as per capita GNI and literacy rate
Human and physical geography of southern Italy
Hit by earthquakes , Mediterranean climate (dry summers ) leading to wildfires and draught. Relaxed work ethic ,less people 37% of population , no entrepreneurial spirit
What are the consequences of Italy development gap
Core(North ) and periphery (South ) , this means high rates of unemployment in South 22% compared with North 8% and brain drain from South to north
What problems hinder the south development
Organised crime (Mafia) , corruption of local government , hill top villages and mountainous land means inaccessibility
What solutions have attempted to close the development gap
Government have tried to put money in the South , government pay companies to build their factories in the South and a large road building scheme however hills and small numbers of roads make the commute to work very long and discourage employees and employers
What has the melfi car park done for the surrounding area
Employed young people , encourage better work ethic , stop brain drain to North and aim to create a spin off effect where more companies would copy the melfi car plant. This also creates a multiplier effect you create jobs - person spends their income on restrunts , shops , housing - owners of services then spend their money and the area grows
What are advantages of South to employers
Wages are 30% lower , business want to invest in cheap labour and are attracted to the South
What is the hot banana and how has it affected northern Italy
Concentration of wealth , investment and manufacturing in Europe . It’s European core. Industrial triangle is located inside the joy banana however southern Italy falls outside the hot banana meaning the North is located closer to europes major market which increases trade and makes the North more attractive to business’s
What is the gdp of North and southern Italy
North(Lombardy) -139 South -62
What is the migration from north to South
Lombardy (North) +0.7
South -1.8
Why is Genoa important
Major port close to Central Europe trading hub adding to norths strong economy
Why is industry so important in the north
Heavy presence , 41% of Lombardys population employed in industry , industry transformed the north into an ecenomic powerhouse.
How does northern Italy have lots of flatland
Possess the most lowland throughout Italy , the only extensive stretch of flat land is located here. This is the centre of agricultural activity and makes northern Italy accessible. The North also has a more alpine climate in contrast with souths Mediterranean climate
Why is third Italy attractive
Land not as expensive
High levels of education and good communication
Rome is located in third Italy , capital city , aministrational base of country and has many industries located within
Strong tradition of enterprise within third Italy
Uses industrial districts and small firms to pursue a strategy of flexible specilization
How many people are employed in the melfi car park
7000 provides jobs and prevents brain drain
What is the South dependent on
Agriculture as it has no other resources
How is the government trying to fix the North south divide
More roads to make it more accessible and fixing the poor infrastructure and reducing the physical barrier of the Apennines that makes it ahead to travel and unattractive as it is hard to transport goods.
Enormous Sums of public money were spent in the south from 1950-1980 but failed these ventures are known as cathedrals in the dessert and are unused
Government pays companies to invest in South
Why is there no market for imported goods and why does this affect the South
Income is below average so people cannot afford luxury imported products , this detrers many companies from locating there
How has migration to the North affected the South
Leaves ghost towns and an ageing population
How does tectonic activity affect the South
Volcanoes and earthquakes largely affect the South meaning they are often having to recover instead of developing further
Human and physical geography of southern Italy
Hit by earthquakes , Mediterranean climate (dry summers ) leading to wildfires and draught. Relaxed work ethic ,less people 37% of population , no entrepreneurial spirit
What are the consequences of Italy development gap
Core(North ) and periphery (South ) , this means high rates of unemployment in South 22% compared with North 8% and brain drain from South to north
What problems hinder the south development
Organised crime (Mafia) , corruption of local government , hill top villages and mountainous land means inaccessibility
What solutions have attempted to close the development gap
Government have tried to put money in the South , government pay companies to build their factories in the South and a large road building scheme however hills and small numbers of roads make the commute to work very long and discourage employees and employers
What has the melfi car park done for the surrounding area
Employed young people , encourage better work ethic , stop brain drain to North and aim to create a spin off effect where more companies would copy the melfi car plant. This also creates a multiplier effect you create jobs - person spends their income on restrunts , shops , housing - owners of services then spend their money and the area grows
What are advantages of South to employers
Wages are 30% lower , business want to invest in cheap labour and are attracted to the South
What is the hot banana and how has it affected northern Italy
Concentration of wealth , investment and manufacturing in Europe . It’s European core. Industrial triangle is located inside the joy banana however southern Italy falls outside the hot banana meaning the North is located closer to europes major market which increases trade and makes the North more attractive to business’s
What is the gdp of North and southern Italy
North(Lombardy) -139 South -62
What is the migration from north to South
Lombardy (North) +0.7
South -1.8
