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Embryology > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

How is CN 1 (Olfactory) formed?

A

Invagination and delamination

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2
Q

How is the lens formed?

A

Invagination - optic cup invaginates and lens forms within

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3
Q

What forms the sensory/nervous elements of the eye?

A

Neural crest

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4
Q

How is the otic formed?

A

Invagination and delamination (otic pit is invagination, placode cells migrate out/delaminate to form statoacoustic ganglion)
Also formed by ectoderm of pharyngeal arch 1

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5
Q

How are CN V, VII, IX, and X formed?

A 
Delamination
Neural crest (not placode) cells make up proximal ganglia of these nerves; placodes make up distal ganglia
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6
Q

When does the primary palate and face form?

A

4-6 weeks

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7
Q

When does the secondary palate form?

A

6-12 weeks

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8
Q

Define: merging

A

Mesenchyme proliferates to eliminate a groove

If the epithelium is included, then facial cleft or cyst will occur

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9
Q

Define: fusion

A

Contact of epithelium-covered surfaces across a gap, removing the epithelium (either by apoptosis, stretch, or EMT)

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10
Q

What does the periprosencephalon form?

A

Frontonasal processes (lateral nasal; medial nasal)
Forehead
Nose
Philtrum

(can be affected by cell proliferation issues)

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11
Q

What is formed by Pharyngeal Arch 1?

A 
Mandibular Process
Maxillary Process
Oropharyngeal Membrane
Cheek
Chin
Lips

Affected by cell migration issues.

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12
Q

What is the oropharyngeal membrane made out of?

A

Communication between foregut and amniotic cavity - formed by ectoderm-endoderm

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13
Q

What is the oronasal membrane made out of?

A

Ectoderm-ectoderm

Pulled apart at 6 weeks (eat b4 6mell)

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14
Q

What is a “typical” cleft? An “atypical”?

A 
Typical = MNP+Lateral Maxillary P fusion issue
Atypical = merging issue
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15
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches form and disappear?

A

20-35 days (between forebrain and heart developmeent)

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16
Q

What are pharyngeal arches made out of?

A

Cephalic somitomeres
Neural crest cells
Patterned by unique Hox gene combo

Made out of: outer/lateral ectoderm, inner/medial endoderm, core NCC and mesoderm (mesenchyme)

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17
Q

Define: Pharyngeal Arch I

A

Rhombomeres 1,2
No Hoxx gene
Artery disappears
Creates CN V, muscles of mastication, malleus, incus, Merckel’s cartilage

18
Q

What does Pharyngeal Pouch I make?

A

Auditory tube
Primitive tympanic cavity
Middle ear

19
Q

What is the pharyngeal groove I derivative?

A

External auditory meatus

20
Q

Define: Pharyngeal Arch II

A

Rhomb 3,4
Hox gene
Artery disappears
Creates CN VII, muscles of facial expression, stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid

21
Q

What does Pharyngeal Pouch II make?

A

Palatine Tonsil

22
Q

Define: Pharyngeal Arch III

A

Rhom 6
Hox gene
Common carotid
CN IX - stylopharyngeus, body of hyoid

23
Q

What does Pharyngeal Pouch III form?

A

Thymus

Inferior Paraythyroid

24
Q

Define: Pharyngeal Arch IV

A

Rhom 7
Hox gene
R subclavian, L aortic arch
CN X and XI, laryngeal muscle, thyroid cartilage

25
Q

What are the derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouch IV?

A

Superior paraythroid gland

ultimbobranchial body

26
Q

How does the thyroid form?

A

NOT from the pharyngeal arches, but instead from endoderm

Derives from the foramen cecum (pit in tongue), migrates inferiorly to mid-neck

27
Q

Define: placode

A

Thickened ectoderm between epidermis and neural plate, which leads to the development of organs of special sense, the Trigeminal nerve, and the branchomeric nerves.

28
Q

What are the layers of the skin, and what would you find there?

A

Epidermis - made from ectoderm; includes keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel, Langerhans, dendritic; hair shafts, sweat and sebaceous glands
Dermis - mesoderm; fibroblasts; nerves and vessels
Hyodermis - mesoderm; fibroblasts, adipocytes, muscles

29
Q

What holds the layers of the skin together?

A

Integrins

30
Q

When does the skin form?

A

Week 4: ectoderm can become CNS or skin

Week 7-21: skin can become hairy or non-hairy (glabrous)

31
Q

What does the notochord create?

A

Nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks

32
Q

What does the neural tube create and what is it composed of?

A

It is thickened central ectoderm and creates the CNS (brain, spinal cord)

33
Q

What do neural crest cells create?

A

PNS (Schwann cells, sensory neurons, ANS ganglia)
head structures
melanocytes

They are ectodermal cells lateral to the neural plate

34
Q

What forms the axial skeleton? Appendicular skeleton and sternum? Craniofacial skeleton?

A

Axial: somitic
Append + Sternum: lateral mesoderm
Craniofacial: neural crest

35
Q

When do the limbs form?

A

Limbs form in week 4 and rotate in weeks 6-8

36
Q

Define: stylopod

A

Most proximal element (humerus or femur)

37
Q

Define: zeugopod

A

2 elements (ulna/radius or tibia/fibula)

38
Q

Define: autopod

A

Phalanges/carpals/tarsals

39
Q

When does implantation occur? Gastrulation?

A

Implantation: week 2
Gastrulation: week 3

40
Q

Define: Morphogen

A

Signal that is long range with a dose-dependent response and feedback loop (ex - Nodal)

41
Q

Define: forward genetics

A

Phenotype to genotype

42
Q

Define: reverse genetics

A

Genotype to phenotype

Embryology (4 decks)

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