Development Flashcards
Heritability of intelligence, sociability, emotionality, activity level
50%
Range of reaction
Critical or sensitive periods
Canalized
Not 1 to 1 - genotype sets a range and environment sets the value
Time span when prepared but stimulation from environment Lorent and baby ducks
Predetermined growth path and only very strong environment can deflect - like sensory Moter development
Pku Tay sachs, cystic fibrosis
Pair of recessive genes
Diet low in phenylalanine in first 6 -9 years
Heritability index - from what kind of studies?
Degree to which a trait is genetic
From kinship studies
Huntingtins
Dominant gene
So child with sick parent has a 50% chance
Red green color blindness
Hemophilia
X linked inheritance
Males more likely
R/g males twice as likely
Hemophilia almost exclusively in males
Down’s syndrome
Kleinfelters
Turners
XYY syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Abnormal chromosomes
Extra 21 - mothers over 45 = 1 in 30
Heart abnormalities and cataracts and gi
Teratogens
Germinal
Germinal - conception to implantation 8-10 days
Exposure damages a few cells w little effect OR can effect many cells and cause death
Teratogens
embryonic
Embryonic end of second week to end of the 8 week
Most succeptible
CNS most vulnerable beginning of 3rd week to the 5th week
(Heart from mid 3 to mid 5; limbs from mid 4 to 8)
Teratogens
fetal
fetal beg Of 9th to birth
Expose causes less severe defects
Effects of drug use
Alcohol
Fas - heavy prenatal use
Growth retardation, wide eyes, shirt eyelid openings, microencephaly, irritabity, hyperactivity, and physical illnesses. Often MR (iq 60 to 70)
Effects of severe malnutrition
Depends on when
First trimester - congenital malformations and spontaneous death
Third trimester - CNS : low brain weight due to fewer neurons and less branching = apathy unresponsiveness irritability high pitched cry. Intellectual deficits lags in motor dev
Adequate refeeding early infancy can help ameliorate
Effects of HIV
Usually leads to death
Short incubation in infants - avg age is six months
Weightless, chronic fever, infections
Congenital - microcephaly, facial deformity
Milestone delay
Effects of stress
Mothers experience more medical complications and infants have more abnormalities
Spon death, low birth weight, prematurity
Respiratory problems cleft palate and pyloric stenosis - tightening of stomach
Ameliorated of mothers have access to support
Effects of heroin
Prematurity, low birth weight, physical malformations, respiratory diseases, and mortality at birth + physical addiction and withdrawal
Cocaine use
Low birth weight higher risk for SIDS
Reduced head circumfrance, general and urinary tract deformity, heart defects, seizures
Smoking
Prematurity, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, death around birth
Less responsive to environment, more irritable
Slightly reduced school achievement, shorter attention span, increases motor activity in early and middle childhood
More smokes more likely
Motor development
Reflexes (subcortical)
Tonic neck
Palmer grasp
Sucking
Walking
Bibinski - extend big toe and spread small toes
Morrow - when neck drops slightly or loud sound against surface supporting infant
Disappear at 6 months as voluntary control comes on board
Secular trend in motor development
Reaching milestones earlier than past
Also height and weight
Reasons; better nutrition, health care, and changing rearing practices
Piaget
Adaptation
Assimilation
Accommodation
Adaptation - schema building through 2 processes below
Assimilation - incorporates new information into present schemas (zebra=horse)
Accommodation - schemas modified (horse with stripes, then later calls that a zebra)
Piaget’s equilabration
equilibrium and disequilibrium
Moving back and forth between assimilation and accommodation (disequilibrium causes)
Piaget’s theory of development
4 stages built upon previous
Sensory motor - up to age 2
Object perminance
Goal development, play, immitation
Preopperational - 2 to 7
Symbolic; language, make believe, mental images of events and actions
Thought is more advanced but limited by centration - focus on one aspect of a situation at a time
Irreversibility - does not know actions can be reversed
Ego centrism
Animism
Can’t conserve
Spontaneously alter truth - egocentrasm
Piaget thought can’t lie but new studies show 4 year olds can intentionally lie to avoid punishment or get reward
Concrete operational
7 to 11 years
Reversibility and decentration
Transform and manipulate information
Conservation increases (number then length then liquid then mass and area weight and volume)
Horizontal decolage (sequential mastery of concepts within a stage)
Transitivvity - sorting objects
Hierarchical classification - sorting based on hierarchys
Intentional deception ( but call all inaccuracies lies)
Formal operational
12 to adult (perhaps about half get here; or only use in area of expertise)
Abstract reasoning
Hypothetic and deductive reasoning
Propositional thought - hear arguments and evaluate their logic without reference to real world
Ego centrism - grand systems but often naive and over idealistic (and insistent)
Imaginary audience
Personal fable
Happens during formal operational and ego centrism
Belief that others are as consumed and critical of adolescents behavior as the adolescent
Ones ideas and feelings are so unique that no one else has anything like them
Vygotski
Development is not based on stages but on social interactions
Between child and another and then within the child
Zone of proximal development
Scaffolding
Gap between what can do alone and what can accomplish with others (scafolding).
Piaget and moral development
Heteronymous morality or moral realism
- 5 to 10 years rule based with rules as unchangeable and independent of people
Due to preoperational egocentrism and adult constraints
Autonomous morality or moral coopertivity
10 on
Subjective intent serves as basis for judging behavior - FAIRNESS as principle
Laurence kohlberg and moral development
Refinement of Piaget
Hypothetical moral situations
1.Invariant progression (highest level not reached by all) 2.outgrowth of cognitive dev 3. Each stage is an organized whole
Low correlation between assessed judgements and behavior
Kohlberg 6 stages in 3 levels
Preconventional
Conventional
Post- conventional
Preconventional 4 to 10 - 2 stages 1. Avoid punishment 2. Satisfy own needs Conventional 10 to 13 Social rewards 3. Conform - social approval (good boy) 4. avoid scolding by legitimate authority Post-conventional (most don't achieve) 5. Formal operational - social order and respect 6. Only standard is own conscience
Gilligan on Kohlberg
Kohlbergs moral stages are gender biased
Femal morality is rooted in an ethic of care
So less likely to use level 3 reasoning
Loss of voice
Gilligan - internalization of sexist messages
During adolescence girls at risk of abandoning their strengths to conform to femininity
Language develent
A
Language
Behaviorist perspective
Operant conditioning
- reinforcement, extinction, punishment,
Classical conditioning
Immitation
Chomsky
Behaviorist theories insufficient b/c of rapid learning in early childhood
Complex grammatical rules diff to teach
Innate language learning device
Supported by cross cultural and animal studies
Linguistic milestones
Birth:4 types of crying hunger, anger, pain, attention
Parents find pain cry most disturbing and respond the most
Cooing 2 months
Pseudo dialogue 3 months
Babbling 6 months (even deaf)
Nonverbal signals 12 months
First words 11 to 16 months
Linguistic milestones 2
Holophrastic speech 1 to 2 years use of one word to express sentences
Telegraphic speech - 1 to 2 years 2 word sentences
Vocabulary grows most between 18 months and 6 years - fastest is at 30-36 months
At 3, about 1000 and 3 word sentences
Complex grammar 3-5years (to be, negation, questions)
Bilingualism
Positive consequences
Bilingual Canadian children performed better on tests of analytical reasoning, concept formation, cognitive flexibility, and meta linguistic awareness
BUT, if semi literate in one and then immersed in another, risk inadequate proficiency in both
