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Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Heritability of intelligence, sociability, emotionality, activity level

A

50%

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2
Q

Range of reaction

Critical or sensitive periods

Canalized

A

Not 1 to 1 - genotype sets a range and environment sets the value

Time span when prepared but stimulation from environment Lorent and baby ducks

Predetermined growth path and only very strong environment can deflect - like sensory Moter development

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3
Q

Pku Tay sachs, cystic fibrosis

A

Pair of recessive genes

Diet low in phenylalanine in first 6 -9 years

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4
Q

Heritability index - from what kind of studies?

A

Degree to which a trait is genetic

From kinship studies

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5
Q

Huntingtins

A

Dominant gene

So child with sick parent has a 50% chance

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6
Q

Red green color blindness

Hemophilia

A

X linked inheritance
Males more likely

R/g males twice as likely
Hemophilia almost exclusively in males

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7
Q

Down’s syndrome

Kleinfelters
Turners
XYY syndrome
Fragile X syndrome

A

Abnormal chromosomes
Extra 21 - mothers over 45 = 1 in 30
Heart abnormalities and cataracts and gi

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8
Q

Teratogens

Germinal

A

Germinal - conception to implantation 8-10 days

Exposure damages a few cells w little effect OR can effect many cells and cause death

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9
Q

Teratogens

embryonic

A

Embryonic end of second week to end of the 8 week
Most succeptible
CNS most vulnerable beginning of 3rd week to the 5th week
(Heart from mid 3 to mid 5; limbs from mid 4 to 8)

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10
Q

Teratogens

fetal

A

fetal beg Of 9th to birth

Expose causes less severe defects

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11
Q

Effects of drug use

Alcohol

A

Fas - heavy prenatal use
Growth retardation, wide eyes, shirt eyelid openings, microencephaly, irritabity, hyperactivity, and physical illnesses. Often MR (iq 60 to 70)

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12
Q

Effects of severe malnutrition

A

Depends on when
First trimester - congenital malformations and spontaneous death
Third trimester - CNS : low brain weight due to fewer neurons and less branching = apathy unresponsiveness irritability high pitched cry. Intellectual deficits lags in motor dev

Adequate refeeding early infancy can help ameliorate

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13
Q

Effects of HIV

A

Usually leads to death
Short incubation in infants - avg age is six months
Weightless, chronic fever, infections
Congenital - microcephaly, facial deformity
Milestone delay

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14
Q

Effects of stress

A

Mothers experience more medical complications and infants have more abnormalities

Spon death, low birth weight, prematurity
Respiratory problems cleft palate and pyloric stenosis - tightening of stomach

Ameliorated of mothers have access to support

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15
Q

Effects of heroin

A

Prematurity, low birth weight, physical malformations, respiratory diseases, and mortality at birth + physical addiction and withdrawal

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16
Q

Cocaine use

A

Low birth weight higher risk for SIDS

Reduced head circumfrance, general and urinary tract deformity, heart defects, seizures

17
Q

Smoking

A

Prematurity, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, death around birth
Less responsive to environment, more irritable
Slightly reduced school achievement, shorter attention span, increases motor activity in early and middle childhood
More smokes more likely

18
Q

Motor development

Reflexes (subcortical)

A

Tonic neck
Palmer grasp
Sucking
Walking

Bibinski - extend big toe and spread small toes
Morrow - when neck drops slightly or loud sound against surface supporting infant

Disappear at 6 months as voluntary control comes on board

19
Q

Secular trend in motor development

A

Reaching milestones earlier than past
Also height and weight

Reasons; better nutrition, health care, and changing rearing practices

20
Q

Piaget
Adaptation
Assimilation
Accommodation

A

Adaptation - schema building through 2 processes below

Assimilation - incorporates new information into present schemas (zebra=horse)
Accommodation - schemas modified (horse with stripes, then later calls that a zebra)

21
Q

Piaget’s equilabration

equilibrium and disequilibrium

A

Moving back and forth between assimilation and accommodation (disequilibrium causes)

22
Q

Piaget’s theory of development

A

4 stages built upon previous
Sensory motor - up to age 2
Object perminance
Goal development, play, immitation
Preopperational - 2 to 7
Symbolic; language, make believe, mental images of events and actions
Thought is more advanced but limited by centration - focus on one aspect of a situation at a time
Irreversibility - does not know actions can be reversed
Ego centrism
Animism
Can’t conserve
Spontaneously alter truth - egocentrasm
Piaget thought can’t lie but new studies show 4 year olds can intentionally lie to avoid punishment or get reward

23
Q

Concrete operational

A

7 to 11 years
Reversibility and decentration
Transform and manipulate information
Conservation increases (number then length then liquid then mass and area weight and volume)
Horizontal decolage (sequential mastery of concepts within a stage)
Transitivvity - sorting objects
Hierarchical classification - sorting based on hierarchys
Intentional deception ( but call all inaccuracies lies)

24
Q

Formal operational

A

12 to adult (perhaps about half get here; or only use in area of expertise)
Abstract reasoning
Hypothetic and deductive reasoning
Propositional thought - hear arguments and evaluate their logic without reference to real world
Ego centrism - grand systems but often naive and over idealistic (and insistent)

25
Q

Imaginary audience

Personal fable

A

Happens during formal operational and ego centrism

Belief that others are as consumed and critical of adolescents behavior as the adolescent

Ones ideas and feelings are so unique that no one else has anything like them

26
Q

Vygotski

A

Development is not based on stages but on social interactions
Between child and another and then within the child

27
Q

Zone of proximal development

Scaffolding

A

Gap between what can do alone and what can accomplish with others (scafolding).

28
Q

Piaget and moral development

A

Heteronymous morality or moral realism
- 5 to 10 years rule based with rules as unchangeable and independent of people
Due to preoperational egocentrism and adult constraints

Autonomous morality or moral coopertivity
10 on
Subjective intent serves as basis for judging behavior - FAIRNESS as principle

29
Q

Laurence kohlberg and moral development

A

Refinement of Piaget
Hypothetical moral situations
1.Invariant progression (highest level not reached by all) 2.outgrowth of cognitive dev 3. Each stage is an organized whole

Low correlation between assessed judgements and behavior

30
Q

Kohlberg 6 stages in 3 levels

Preconventional
Conventional
Post- conventional

A 
Preconventional 4 to 10 - 2 stages
1. Avoid punishment
2. Satisfy own needs
Conventional 10 to 13
Social rewards
3. Conform - social approval (good boy)
4. avoid scolding by legitimate authority
Post-conventional (most don't achieve)
5. Formal operational - social order and respect
6. Only standard is own conscience
31
Q

Gilligan on Kohlberg

A

Kohlbergs moral stages are gender biased
Femal morality is rooted in an ethic of care
So less likely to use level 3 reasoning

32
Q

Loss of voice

A

Gilligan - internalization of sexist messages

During adolescence girls at risk of abandoning their strengths to conform to femininity

33
Q

Language develent

A

A

34
Q

Language

Behaviorist perspective

A

Operant conditioning
- reinforcement, extinction, punishment,
Classical conditioning
Immitation

35
Q

Chomsky

A

Behaviorist theories insufficient b/c of rapid learning in early childhood
Complex grammatical rules diff to teach
Innate language learning device
Supported by cross cultural and animal studies

36
Q

Linguistic milestones

A

Birth:4 types of crying hunger, anger, pain, attention
Parents find pain cry most disturbing and respond the most
Cooing 2 months
Pseudo dialogue 3 months
Babbling 6 months (even deaf)
Nonverbal signals 12 months
First words 11 to 16 months

37
Q

Linguistic milestones 2

A

Holophrastic speech 1 to 2 years use of one word to express sentences
Telegraphic speech - 1 to 2 years 2 word sentences
Vocabulary grows most between 18 months and 6 years - fastest is at 30-36 months
At 3, about 1000 and 3 word sentences
Complex grammar 3-5years (to be, negation, questions)

38
Q

Bilingualism

A

Positive consequences
Bilingual Canadian children performed better on tests of analytical reasoning, concept formation, cognitive flexibility, and meta linguistic awareness
BUT, if semi literate in one and then immersed in another, risk inadequate proficiency in both

Psychology (5 decks)

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