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GI Exam 2 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Oropharyngeal membrane

A
  • everything anterior to this is supplied sensory fibers by trigeminal
  • everything posterior to this is supplied sensory fibers by the glossopharyngeal
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2
Q

Cloacal membrane

A

caudal end of digestive tract (proctodeum and anal pit)

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3
Q

Lining of digestive tract and related glands

A

develop from ENDODERM –> except stomodeum and proctodeum (ectoderm)

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle of pharynx and upper esophagus

A

derived from branchial arch mesoderm (4th and 6th)

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5
Q

Smooth muscle and CT of GI tract

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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6
Q

Nervous component

A

neural crest cells
Vagus –> parasympathetics (left colic flexure)
Pelvic splanchnics –> parasympathetics (remaining)

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7
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies?

A

located near the organs of innervation

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8
Q

Sympathetic cell bodies?

A

located in the ganglia (celiac, superior, inferior mesenteric nerve plexuses)

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9
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

defective tracheoesophageal septum (leads to polyhydramnios)

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10
Q

Foregut

A

celiac artery and vagus nerve

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11
Q

Midgut

A

superior mesenteric artery and vagus nerve

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12
Q

Hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric artery and pelvic splanchnics (S2-4)

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13
Q

Dorsal mesentery

A

suspends distal esophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum from dorsal wall

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14
Q

Ventral mesentery

A
  • derived from transverse septum
  • connects distal esophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum to ventral wall
  • encloses liver and forms visceral peritoneum
  • forms lesser omentum (between stomach and duodenum)
  • forms falciform ligament
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15
Q

Development of distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

A

90 degree rotation of stomach occurs to bring greater curvature to left and lesser curvature to right
- because of rotation, L vagus supplies ventral surface of stomach and R vagus supplies dorsal surface of stomach

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16
Q

Omental bursa

A

forms behind stomach and dorsal mesentery folds upon rotation
- dorsal mesentery and transverse mesocolon form gastrocolic ligament

17
Q

Spleen

A

develops in dorsal mesentery and is of mesodermal origin

  • rotation also forms gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments
  • serves as site of hematopoietic cell development during fetal life
18
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

results from hypertrophy of circular layer of stomach smooth muscle and pyloric outlet –> narrowing of canal
- non-bilious vomitting

19
Q

Intestinal atresia

A

occurs due to failure of recanalization of intestine (usually in distal 1/3 of duodenum)
- vomitus is bilious

20
Q

Liver

A

occupies large portion of ventral mesentery

- endoderm of foregut (buds) grow into ventral mesentery and transverse septum

21
Q

Hepatic diverticulum

A

gives rise to hepatic cells and bile ducts draining into liver

  • transverse septum gives rise to fibrous capsule
  • gallbladder, cystic duct, and ventral pancreas develop from this
22
Q

Pancreas

A

develops from ventral (from hepatic diverticulum) and dorsal buds (endoderm)

  • duct of dorsal bud fuses with ventral to form pancreas
  • duct of dorsal bud usually degenerates and ventral duct is definitive pancreatic duct
23
Q

Omphaloenteric yolk stalk

A

attached at apex of midgut loop, remains if present in adult may form ileal diverticulum (Meckel)

24
Q

Herniation and Rotation of GI Tract

A

at 6/7 week, gut herniates into umbilical cord and returns by 10/11 weeks with rotation occuring
- superior mesenteric artery supplies midgut and serves as pivot point for rotation –> Cecum goes to lower right quadrant when colon returns

25
Q

Ileal Diverticulum (Meckel)

A

persistence of proximal part of yolk stalk

- can be a blind pouch, fibrous cord, fistula, volvulus, extopic stomach tissue or pancreatic tissue

26
Q

Omphalocele

A

failure of intestinal loops to return from umbilical cord –> herniation covered by amnion

27
Q

Gastroschisis

A

ventral abdominal wall fails to close –> GI contents not covered by amnion

28
Q

Congential umbilical hernia

A

ventral ab walls fail to close –> covered by skin

29
Q

Non-rotation of midgut

A

results when caudal limb returns to abdomen first –> small intestine of R and large intestine on L

30
Q

Cloacal membrane

A

ectoderm and endoderm –> separates cloaca from proctodeum

31
Q

Urorectal septum

A

grows and divides cloaca into urogenital sinus and rectum/anal canal
- perineal body forms where septum approaches cloacal membrane

32
Q

Vasculature of anal canal

A

upper 2/3 –> hindgut (inferior mesenteric)

lower 1/3 –> proctodeum (inferior rectal and internal pudendal)

33
Q

Pectinate line

A

indicates site of anal membrane and where endoderm become continuous with ectoderm

34
Q

Lymphatics of anal canal

A

hindgut drainage –> inferior mesenteric nodes

proctodeum –> superficial inguinal nodes

35
Q

Congential megacolon

A

absence of parasympathetic ganglia in wall of colon due to failure of neural crest cells to migrate –> no peristalsis –> distal ileum

36
Q

Imperforate anus

A

persistence of cloacal membrane to atresia of anal canal

37
Q

Hindgut fistula

A

Rectovaginal –> hindgut to vagina
Rectourethral –> hindgut to urethra
Rectovesical –> hindgut to bladder
- ALL occur because of incomplete division of cloaca by urorectal septum

GI Exam 2 (7 decks)

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