Development Flashcards
What did DeCasper and Spence find in their 1986 study?
Pre-birth read one of 3 stories, just post birth infants showed preference for that story and for the mother’s voice over a stranger’s voice
What can a Neonate (birth-4weeks) do developmentally? (Motor, Vision, Social, Hearing)
Most behaviour reflexive
Absence of reflexes at birth, failure to lose reflexes with development or regression can signify CNS problems
Motor - head lag (poor head control); jerky movement or limbs
Vision - gaze may be caught by objects 10-20cm from head; may follow a moving object with eyes
Social - sleeps most of the time when not being fed or handled; passive acceptance of routines
Hearing - Can display the following reactions to sound
- blinks, opens eyes wide, to loud sudden stimulus
- startles
- freezes in reaction to weaker continuous sound
- comforted
- preference for language
- Motherese
Discuss early hearing
Not as sensitive and different sensitivity across frequencies - better for lows than highs
Different frequency resolution in neonatal/infancy (poor low frequency discrimination, poorer gap detection)
Poor localisation/spatial resolution - adult-like by 18months
Why poor hearing?
- inner ear fully matured - middle ear different resonance/efficiency (up to 20dB improvement from birth to adulthood) - Brainstem and higher pathways still immature - size of head and ears may contribute to localisation
What are the developmental milestones of infancy (up to 3months)
Motor -
- reflexive movements begin to disappear (stepping) - voluntary movements like sucking - waves arms symmetrically - Kicks vigorously - Little to no head lag - Engages in finger play
Vision -
- Visually alert especially to faces and complex images - Recognises things such as bottles for feeding
Social -
- begins to smile at 6weeks - fixes eyes on mother's while feeding - responds with obvious pleasure to being handled
Hearing -
- Still distressed by sudden loud sounds - Begin localising sound by turning towards a sound source - Vocalisations: cooing, crying to show they are annoyed
What are the developmental milestones up to 6 months?
Motor development
- Sits with support and independently for short periods before rolling backwards - Lift hear and hold head straight - uses whole hand to grasp - passes toy from one hand to the other - Reaches for and grasps small toys - Takes everything to mouth
Vision
- insatiable - follows adult activities across the room - immediately fixates interesting small objects within 10-20
Cognitive
- lack of object permanence
Hearing and speech
- turns to mother's voice - localises sounds - vocalises tunefully to self and others - selective response to different vocal tones - laughs/squeals with joy
Social
- reserved with strangers from 7 months - joy at social play - turn taking games - waves bye-bye
What are the developmental milestones of infancy 9 months?
Motor development
- sit alone for 10-15min - lean forward to pick up a toy without losing balance - attempts to crawl, may only be able to go backwards - pulls to standing but falls down - has pincer grasp
Social
- plays peek a boo, imitates hand clapping - clearly distinguishes strangers from family and requires reassurance - watches activities of others within 3-4m with sustained interest
Cognitive
- object permanence
Hearing and speech
- eagerly attentive to sound particularly voice
- shouts to attract attention
- babbles loudly and tunefully
- understands “no” and “bye bye”
- shows objects to adults, points to request
- follows the eye gaze of an adult to locate object of interest
Joint attention/mutual gaze
Infancy 12months
Motor
- attempts to walk - palm grasp of spoon - bangs objects together - stacks objects - removes pegs from pegboard - picks up fine objects - drops and throws deliberately - drinks from a cup with little help
Social development
- demonstrates affection to familiar people
Hearing and Speech
- knows and immediately turns to own name - vocalises most vowels and many consonants - comprehends simple instructions associated with gesture (come to mummy) - knows and immediately turns to own name - vocalises most vowels and many consonants - habituates to noisemaker tests quite quickly - first words (mama, dada, hi, bye, no, more)
Toddlerhood up to 18 months
Motor
- walks well with feet slightly apart - starts and stops safely - holds spoon and brings it to mouth but often turns it over - helps with dressing (a bit) - crawls upstairs safely and sometimes downstairs - carries things whilst walking - builds tower of 3 cubes - turns pages - often several at a time
Social
- interested in picture books - watches and points - briefly imitates simple activities
Hearing and speech
- communicates wishes by pointing and vocalising - makes many vocalisations (6-20 recognisable words) - Attends to spoken communications - Obeys simple instructions "where's your tummy?"
Theory of Mind
At age 2 -
- engages in pretend play
- secondary emotions developing
At age 3 -
- able to distinguish mental and physical states, perceptions and desires
At ages 4-5 -
- able to think about relationship between own beliefs and that of others
Up to 3 years
Motor
○ Walks alone upstairs with alternating feet and downstairs with 2 feet to a step
○ Climbs climbing frames (with adults nearby)
○ Can avoid obstacles and corners when running
○ Walks forward, backwards, sideways
○ Rides tricycle, using pedals
○ Walks on tiptoe
○ Can throw ball overarm and catch large ball
○ Should be toilet trained
○ Eats with fork and spoon
○ Picks up pins, threads etc. with one eye covered
○ Builds tower of 9 blocks and bridges of 3 blocks when modelled
○ threads wooden beads
○ Holds pencil near point
○ Copies circle, cross, V, H, T
Social Development ○ General behaviour more amenable ○ Likes to help ○ Vivid make believe play ○ Joins in active make believe play with other children ○ Understands sharing
Hearing and speech
○ Large vocabulary but many phonetic substitutions and unconventional grammar
○ Gives full name, sex and at times age
○ Still talks to self in long monologues
○ Asks many questions
○ Loves stories and demands favourites over and over
○ Counts to 10 or more by rote (though little appreciation of quantity beyond 2 or 3)
○ Knows several nursery rhymes - sometimes sings them
4-6 years
Most notably, a stage characterised by cognitive development
○ Language
○ Social
○ Emotional
○ Reasoning and thought - logical thinking, then later abstract thinking
○ Knowledge
Physical growth
○ Height increases by 6 to 8 cm per year
Maturation of the brain
○ Brain is 90% of adult size by age 6
