Development Flashcards
Who created concept of Attachment Theory?
Bowlby
Who created concept of “good enough mothering”?
Winnicott
Who developed concept of the “transitional object”?
Winnicott
Who created stages of development based on Separation & Individuation?
Margaret Mahler
Who developed the concept that different mental d/o’s have different outcomes?
Kraepelin
Who worked on concept of “Self Psychology” (and narcissism?)
Kohut
What were Harry Stack Sullivan’s developmental ideas based on, primarily?
social interaction
Who developed concept of imprinting? (NOT genetic imprinting) and what is it?
Konrad Lorenz
- suggests that attachment is innate and programmed genetically
Who developed Object Relations Theory (2)?
Who was also prominent (1)?
Melanie Klein and Ronald Fairbairn
- Winnicot
Who developed the concept of the paranoid-schizoid position, and what is it?
Melanie Klein
- infant’s views split into good and bad elements
Who developed the concept of the depressive position, and what is it?
Melanie Klein
- infant views mother as having positive and negative aspects
Who created operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Who developed the Epigenetic Principle? (NOT genetic one) What is it?
Erickson
- we develop through an unfolding of our personality in predetermined stages, and that our environment and surrounding culture influence how we progress through these stages
What is the epigenetic principle?
1 stage must be properly resolved to proceed normally to the next.
Who came up with the term “schizophrenia”?
Bleuler
Who developed the concept of parental mirroring? What is it/why is it important?
Winnicot
- Parental mirroring is a form of empathy. This is important for child’s personality development and health self-esteem.
Explain Lorenz’s concept of imprinting.
Young animal attaches to it’s parent/surrogate during critical period. From then on, presence of this figure elicits specific behavior pattern.
_____ refers to mother’s feeling for her infant.
Bonding (as opposed to attachment)
List Bowlby’s stages of separation response (child from mother).
i. Protest
ii. Despair
iii. Detachment
iv. Denial of Affection (upon mom’s return)
List Mahler’s stages of Separation-Individuation, along with their age ranges.
i. Normal autism (birth-2 mo)
ii. Symbiosis (2-5 mo)
iii. Differentiation (5-10 mo)
iv. Practicing (10-18 mo)
v. Rapprochement (18-24 mo)
vi. Object constancy (2-5 yrs)
“ASD PRO” (*last 4 are part of Separation-Individuation”)
What occurs during Mahler’s stage of Normal autism?
(0-2 mo): Mostly sleep (sleep > awake)
What occurs during Mahler’s stage of Symbiosis?
(2-5 mo): Defining inner vs. outer world, begins differentiating
What occurs during Mahler’s stage of Differentiation?
(5-10 mo): distinguish from mother
What occurs during Mahler’s stage of Practicing?
(10-18 mo): explore independently
What occurs during Mahler’s stage of Rapprochement?
(18-24 mo): independence vacillates w/need for mom
What occurs during Mahler’s stage of Object constancy?
(2-5 yrs): understand permanence of others (i.e. when other is absent)
List Piaget’s stages and their age ranges.
a. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 y/o)
b. Preoperational thought (2-7 y/o)
c. Concrete operations (7-11 y/o)
d. Formal operations (11 y/o +)
What intellectual concepts are evident during Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage?
(birth to 2 y/o)
- Respond to environment. Object permanence. Symbols.
What intellectual concepts are evident during Piaget’s Preoperational thought stage?
(2-7 y/o)
- Immanent justice, egocentrism, phenomenalistic causality, animistic thinking
What intellectual concepts are evident during Piaget’s Concrete operations stage?
(7-11 y/o)
- See things from others’ perspectives. Conservation (wide short cup and tall skinny cup hold same amount); reversibility (water -> ice -> water). Put things in order and group things.
What intellectual concepts are evident during Piaget’s Formal operations stage?
(11 y/o +)
- Abstraction; deductive reasoning; define abstract concepts.
List Freud’s stages and their age ranges.
a. Oral (birth – 1 year)
b. Anal (1-3 yrs)
c. Phallac (3-5 yrs)
d. Latent (5 yr – puberty)
e. Genital (post-puberty - adulthood)
What occurs with success or failure of Freud’s Oral stage?
(birth – 1 year)
- Success: give/receive w/o dependence or envy.
- Failed: dependent adults
What occurs with success or failure of Freud’s Anal stage?
(1-3 yrs)
- Success: independence.
- Failure: OCD.
What occurs with success or failure of Freud’s Phallac stage?
(3-5 yrs)
- Success: clear sense of sex ID; good curiosity, initiative, mastery.
- Failure: Oedipal neuroses
What occurs during Freud’s Latent stage?
(5 yr – puberty)
- Integration/development. Relative reduced sex drive.
What occurs during of Freud’s Gential stage?
(post-puberty - adulthood)
- Resolve conflicts, create adult personality.
List Erickson’s developmental stage names and their age ranges.
- Trust vs. Mistrust - Infancy (0-1 yr)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Early Childhood (1-3 yrs)
- Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschool (3-6 yrs)
- Industry vs. Inferiority - School Age (6-11 yrs)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion - Adolescence (12-18 yrs)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation - Young Adulthood (18-40 yrs)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation - Middle Adulthood (40-65 yrs)
- Integrity vs. Despair - Late Adulthood (65 yrs +)
2nd word: My Sexy Girl In Red Is Sucking Dick
In Erickson’s first stage of development, Trust vs. Mistrust…
1. how is trust achieved?
2. With strong trust, what does child develop?
Trust is shown by ease of feeding and depth of sleep and depends on consistency of experience provided by the caretaker. If trust is strong, the child develops self-confidence. (Birth to 1 year of age)
In Erickson’s second stage of development, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt…
1. How does child achieve autonomy?
2. How does child end up with shame/doubt?
This stage includes the child learning to walk and feed him- or herself, toilet training. There is a need for outer control. Shame happens through excessive punishment, and self-doubt occurs if the child is made to feel ashamed of his or her actions. (Age 1 to 3 years)
In Erickson’s third stage of development, initiative vs. guilt…
1. What is child initiating?
2. How would guilt develop?
In this stage the child initiates both motor and intellectual activities. If reinforced, his or her intellectual curiosity is satisfied. If made to feel inadequate, he or she will develop guilt about self-initiated activities. (Age 3 to 5 years)
In Erickson’s fourth stage of development, industry vs. inferiority…
1. What does industry refer to?
2. How could the child end up feeling inferior?
In this stage the child is busy building, creating, and accomplishing. If inferior to his or her peers with the use of tools and skills, he or she will have less status and develop a sense of inadequacy and inferiority. (Age 6 to 11 years)
In Erickson’s fifth stage of development, ego identify vs. role confusion…
1. What does it mean to develop an ego identity?
2. What is the adolescent preoccupied with?
3. What (2) doubts could come into play here?
There is a struggle to develop a sense of inner sameness and continuity. The adolescent shows preoccupation with appearance, hero worship, and ideology. There are dangers of role confusion and doubts about his or her sexual orientation and vocational identity. (Age 11 years to end of adolescence)
In Erickson’s sixth stage of development, intimacy vs. isolation…
1. How does separation/isolation occur?
2. What age does this stage end at?
Intimacy is marked by formation of lifelong attachments and self-abandonment. Separation occurs if the individual is isolated and views others as dangerous. (Age 21 to 40 years)
In Erickson’s seventh stage of development, generativity vs. stagnation…
1. What is generativity referring to?
2. How could stagnation occur?
Generativity is marked by raising children, altruism, creativity, and guiding the next generation. Stagnation occurs if there is isolation, excessive self-concern, and an absence of intimacy. (Age 40 to 65 years)
In Erickson’s eighth stage of development, ego integrity vs. despair…
1. What is ego integrity?
2. What is despair?
Integrity is a feeling of satisfaction that life has been worthwhile, along with an acceptance of one’s place in life. Despair is the feeling of loss of hope, disgust, and fear of death. (Age 65+ years)
In Freud’s Drive theory, what does Source refer to?
Part of the body from which the drive comes.
In Freud’s Drive theory, what does Impetus refer to?
Amount of intensity of the drive
In Freud’s Drive theory, what does Aim refer to?
Any action that discharges the tension
In Freud’s Drive theory, what does Object refer to?
Target of the action (that discharges the tension)
Who developed a hierarchical model of innate behavior in animals where motivational impulses build up in brain centers that are held in check by blocks?
Nikolaas Tinbergin
Who developed the “death instinct” concept in infants, and what does it refer to?
Melanie Klein
Refers to infant’s fear of annihilation, and transffering this fear onto a powerful object (parents)
Which part of personality did Freud believe was present at birth?
Id
- including the sex (life) instinct Eros, which contains the libido,
- and the aggressive (death) instinct Thanatos.
Who created term for anaclitic depression and what does it mean?
Rene Spitz
- result of emotional deprivation from prolonged separation of normal infant from parent. (Improves promptly if parent returns before 5 months)
Who showed that some animal behaviors are innate, and did so by observing bees?
Karl von Frisch (bees’ waggle dance)
What is parental attunement and who came up with the concept?
“the process by which caregivers play back a child’s inner feelings.”
Stern
(Winnicot developed parental mirroring)
Who introduced concepts of c. “True self” and “false self”?
- What are they?
Winnicot
- False self: mannerly, orderly, external self that enabled a person to fit into society
- True self: only self capable of creativity, and play (e.g. art) helps a person develop this true self
Who revised Freud’s theory to add the role of environment?
Edith Jacobson
Who created the concept of a “safe holding space” for a child?
Margaret Mahler
(not too tight/smothering, not too distant)
Who did experiments on monkeys, putting them in isolation, sensing other monkeys but not interacting, mother only, piers only, etc?
Harlow
Who developed the Strange Situation Classification (SSC)?
Mary Ainsworth
What were Kraepelin’s 3 dimensions of affective disorders?
Which are the first to become impaired?
vegetative sx, mood, thought
vegetative sx first to become impaired
What is Beck’s triad of depression?
a. Depressed people see themselves as defective, inadequate, and worthless.
b. Depressed people experience the world as negative and self-defeating.
c. Depressed people have an expectation of continued hardship and failure.
Oedipal (male) and Electra (female) complexes take place during the ____________ Freudian stage.
phallic
(3rd stage, age 3-6 years).
Marked improvement in executive functioning, where kids can be distinguished (e.g. inhibitory control, working memory) occurs during these years:
preschool years (3-5)
Kids 1st realize that others may think differently, and can recognize that their thoughts/feelings are their own, during these years:
preschool years (3-5)
In Freud’s topographical model, what is the pre-conscious?
Gateway b/w conscious and unconscious
In Freud’s model, is ego conscious, unconscious, or both?
both
In Freud’s model, is super-ego conscious, unconscious, or both?
unconscious
In Freud’s model, does ego, id, or superego mediate defenses?
Ego
In Freud’s model, does ego, id, or superego censors unacceptable wishes/desires?
Super-ego
What are the 2 components of the super-ego?
(1) the conscience + (2) the ideal self.
- Ideal self = ego ideal, imaginary picture of how you ought to be.
