Development

Question 1

What topics are developmental psychologists interested in?

Answer 1

How adults are influenced by their childhood, to what extent is a child fundamentally different from the adult they grow up to be?, how humans change through development, etc

Question 2

What are some issues in developmental psychology?

Answer 2

Is there one course of development or many? Is development the same or universal for all children? How much do culture and genetics influence a child’s behaviour? Childcare practices vary. How do nature and nurture influence development?

Question 3

Who are some key figures in the history of developmental psychology?

Answer 3

John Locke (blank-slate), John-Jacques Rousseau (nativist model), Charles Darwin (evolution), James Mark Baldwin (infant development)

Question 4

What are the developmental domains?

Answer 4

Physical development, cognitive development, psychosocial development

Question 5

What is the normative approach?

Answer 5

Research done on a large number of children to determine approximate age they should reach normative events. Developmental milestones include crawling, walking, naming colors, speaking in sentences, etc

Question 6

What are some potential differences in studying development?

Answer 6

Descriptions of behavior at each stage-mainstream development theories, process-oriented-other, cross-cultural research

Question 7

How do universal brains develop into culturally diverse minds?

Answer 7

Humans are not born with cultural knowledge or skills, but they are born prepared to learn from any cultural environment

Question 8

What are some behavioural theories?

Answer 8

Pavlov’s Classical conditioning, Watson - fears and emotions are classically conditioned, Skinner’s Operant conditioning

Question 9

What is Bandura’s Theory of Social Learning?

Answer 9

According to Bandura, learning can occur through direct experience or by observing others. In his theory, he proposes that individuals can learn new behaviors by watching others perform those behaviors and then imitating them. He called this process observational learning

Question 10

What are the stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 10

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 11

What is Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 11

Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development proposes that individuals progress through different stages of moral reasoning as they age and gain life experiences

Question 12

What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 12

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development proposes that an individual’s cognitive development is shaped by their social and cultural experiences. Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development

Question 13

What is cultural ecology?

Answer 13

Emphasis on culture and environment, link to natural resources. Broad category qualities of ethnicity, culture, family

Question 14

What developmental theories centre culture?

Answer 14

Berry’s ecocultural theory, Brofenbrenner’s ecological system, the Developmental Niche Framework, Social Ontogenesis

Question 15

What is Berry’s Ecocultural Theory?

Answer 15

The idea that human differences are a set of collective and individual adaptations to context. The main features include the ecological context, sociopolitical context, population adaptations (cultural and biological), transmission variables, and behavioural outcomes. The four variables include direct ecological influences, genetic transmission, cultural transmission, and acculturation

Question 16

What is Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?

Answer 16

Human development occurs within systems (each system impacts human development differently). The systems include the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. Emphasis on the interactions between the individual and the environment

Question 17

What is the Developmental Niche Framework?

Answer 17

Emphasizes how culture shapes child development. The three interacting subsystems include physical and social settings, customs and practices of child-rearing, and the psychology of the caregivers

Question 18

What are the two basic principles of the Niche Framework?

Answer 18

A child’s environment is organized as part of a cultural meaning system or a cultural community & A child’s biological disposition affects their process of development

Question 19

What is Social Ontogenesis?

Answer 19

Focuses on the growth of social selfhood through a series of phases-distinctive developmental tasks. Asserts that human development is partly determined by the social ecology in which the development occurs. The phases include the Ceremony of the naming (who the child should become), social priming (adapting to family’s eco-culture), social apprenticing (adapting), priming (reorganize, understand, rehearse), and emphasis on understanding development within community