development Flashcards
what is development
it measures progress within a country -> economic, social, and environmental
how to measure development
- gross national income (GNI) per capita
- human development index (HDI)
- literacy rates
- life expectancy
- birth rate
- death rate
- number of doctors per 1000 people
= development indicators, compares different countries
GNI
- gross national income
- total value of goods + services produced in a year + income from abroad (divided by number of people living in that country
- compares wealth between different countries
- only average income of country, money may not be shared equally
HDI
- GNI per capita
- number of year of education
- life expectancy
- composite measure
- health, wealth + education
- doesn’t consider inequality or environmental issues
literacy rates
- 15+ can read and write
- level of education within a country
- does not tell about wealth or health
single vs composite statistics
single: look at one factor
composite: looks at multiple factors
historical factors for uneven development
many colonised regions, exploiting resources + people living there
-> colonial power become wealthier, colonies become low income countries
where does development vary
social, environmental, economically
what is aid
helping someone who lacks stuff (resources, education, money…) with different types of aid
emergency aid
help given to populations that have been affected by natural disasters or human conflicts
charitable aid
funded by donations from the public through organisations
top down
- given to the government of the developing country so that they can spent it on projects that they need
- pro: allows people to make their own decisions
- con: can lead to mis-use of aid money
bottom up
- helps people directly without government interference
- pro: helps people directly
- con: complexity
what is a sustainable development
- stable economy
- no corrupt government
what makes development sustainable
development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
top down: Sardar Sarovar Dam, India
location: on the Narmada river in West India
dates: 1987-2017
key facts: Indian states Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan receive water and electricity supply
how it helps: generate power + supply water for drinking and irrigation
sustainability: threat to wildlife natural habitat, waterlogging, people displaced by project
bottom up: wateraid play pumps, Africa
how it helps: delivers water so that people can finally get adequate sanitation
sustainability: needed to spin all day long to provide enough water, quite expensive
political factors for uneven development
- poor governance + conflict -> some governments use power for personal gain
- war: money spent of weapons and repairing damage -> no healthcare + education
geographical factors for uneven development
- very hot or very dry climate -> lacks water supply + cannot grow crops
- warm climate = tropical diseases
- landlocked -> harder to secure water supplies + safe routes to import and export goods
- earthquakes + locust swarms -> money spent repairing
socio-economic factors for uneven development
- younger people -> future workforce of country
- shortage of schools, teachers + resources
- children work at young age for families
