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Geography > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development

A

The use of resources and technology to improve the quality of life and standard of living. Hopes to make lives more efficient, safe and sustainable

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2
Q

What is industrialization and give an example of this type of country

A

This is the process of a country moving away from primary or agricultural activities to secondary/industry(manufacturing raw materials). E.g China

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3
Q

What are MEDCs and LEDCs and give 3 characteristics

A

MEDC - More Economically Developed Country

        - Mostly industrialized
        - Global North (North of N-S divide)
        - High Human Development Index (HDI)

LEDC - Less Economically Developed Country

       - Becoming industrialized
       - Global South (South of N-S divide)
       - Low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita
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4
Q

What is GDP/capita and GNI/capita and what is the difference between the two

A

GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year. /capita is the dividing the GDP by the population of the country giving the average income per person per year

GNI/GNP (Gross National Income/Product) is the same as GDP but includes foreign earnings (like investments). /capita divides the GNI by the population giving the average income per person per year.

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5
Q

What is the N-S divide

A

This is called the Brandt line and it’s an imaginary line between the north (wealthier, more developed regions like Europe or Australia) and the south (poorer, less developed regions like Africa and South America.)

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6
Q

What is sustainable development

A
  • This is development that balances the economic, social, and environmental objectives.
  • Maximizing current society’s well-being and lifestyle without risking the future generations’ balanced lifestyle.
  • Development that will benefit current day society as well as future generations.
  • Meets the needs of our current society without compromising those of future generations
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7
Q

What is HDI and why is it a necessary indicator

A

HDI is Human Development Index and it is necessary as it combines other indicators to calculate a country’s overall development and not look at one at a time. It combines GDP/capita(Economic), Education levels(social), Life expectancy(Demographic).
Measure from 0 - 1, 0 being the worst possible and 1 being the best.

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8
Q

What is the Gini co-efficient

A

Measure how wealth is distributed in a country. measure from 0 - 1. 0 being complete equality and 1 being complete inequality

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of Social and Demographic indicators

A

Social - Urbanisation, literacy rate, food security

Demographic - birth rate, infant mortality rate, the mortality rate

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10
Q

What is the UN

A

The UN or United Nations was created to maintain peace, security, develop friendly relations among nations, and to better living standards and economic development

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11
Q

Name the 8 factors affecting development

A
  1. Access to resources
  2. Energy
  3. History
  4. Environmental degradation
  5. natural resource limitations
  6. Population growth
  7. Trade imbalances
  8. Education and Training
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12
Q

What is modernization (HINT: similar to westernization)

A

Modernisation is development based on economic growth, technology, and industrialisation.

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13
Q

Explain the Free Market Development model and name the 5 stages.

A

This model is based on the economic development of a country. Development took place due to free trade, industrialisation, and exports.
Stages:
1. Traditional society (Subsistence Agriculture, little capita, a balance between resources and population)
2. Pre-take-off (Commerical agriculture, export of natural resources)
3. Take-off (Manufacturing industry, urbanisation, transport, and infrastructure improvement)
4. Maurtiy (Economic growth spreads through the country, high employment, industrialistion.
5. High mass consumption (Tertiary sector expands)

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14
Q

Do you think the Free Market Development model is accurate?

A

On some level, the model is inaccurate as it only takes the economic development of a country into consideration. It does not leave room for environmental development. Some countries may skip certain stages and other countries may be well developed based on industries like commercial
agriculture

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15
Q

Explain the Core-periphery model

A

Dominant core areas are more developed and that’s where economic growth is concentrated. Less developed areas surrounding depend on the core, these are peripheries. Over time the development will diffuse from the core to the periphery

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16
Q

What is community-based development.

A

This is development by the community for the community. Development agencies work hand in hand with the community. Called Bottom-Up and is normally successful as the community is part of the development process

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17
Q

What is trade

A

Exchange of goods from producers to consumers. It involves buying (money), selling/exchange of commodities.

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18
Q

What is the trade relationship between MEDCs and LEDCs

A

MEDCs import raw materials/manufactured goods from LEDCs. And MEDCs allow export manufactured goods/commodities to LEDCs

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19
Q

What does “Terms of Trade” describe

A

Describes the relationship between prices a country sells its exports and the prices it pays for imports

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20
Q

What does “Balance of trade” describe

A

Describes the relationship between the value of a country’s exports and its imports.
EXTRA: IF exports > imports THEN Positive Balance of
trade
IF exports < imports THEN Negative Balance of
trade

21
Q

What is “Balance of payments”

A

Financial summary of the country’s payments to other countries and its receipts from others

22
Q

Name the 4 Trading relationships

A

Free Trade, Fair Trade, Subsidies, Trade Barriers

23
Q

What are the characteristics of free trade

A

This is trade without government interference and regulations.
The prices of commodities depend on supply and demand.

24
Q

Benefits and Negatives of Free trade

A

Promotes competition which lowers prices
Countries in trade blocs benefit from lack of tariffs
Local businesses can be threatened by external businesses
The quality of goods is difficult to control

25
Q

What is “Trade Barriers”

A

Trade between countries is not free. There are government-controlled tariffs, import duties, customs (taxes paid on imports/exports). Form of protectionism (A control that restrains/restricts or supports trade)

26
Q

Why are trade barriers placed on trade

A

This is done to protect the jobs of the citizens (More imports = less local jobs)
To protect local products from foreign competition
To encourage local industries

27
Q

What are Subsidies

A

This is financial assistance by the governments to support businesses, to create employment, to reduce imports. Can include interest-free loans, lower taxes

28
Q

What is Fair Trade

A

~This is a partnership between the farmer and workers. The workforce has a share in the profits (like a partnership). FArmers are paid more, have better working conditions, and have a share of profits
~ trade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries in which fair prices are paid to the producers.

29
Q

What is globalisation

A

Describes how people/countries are connected via technology, migration, and trade (integrated economies)

30
Q

why is globalisation seen as a bad thing

A

If one country’s economy collapses, other countries are affected due to integrated economies
Environmental degradation and exploitation have worsened
Trade is controlled by tariffs, duties, and quotas which benefit the wealthy countries

31
Q

What is export-led development

A

A country’s development is based purely on exporting goods/commodities (usually done by developing countries). Some countries choose agriculture &/or industry as their development path.

32
Q

How would export-led development work (think of diagram)

A
  1. LEDCs have high-in-demand raw materials
  2. Primary and manufactured are exported to the global market
  3. External countries buy the products
  4. LEDCs use the income for development projects
33
Q

What is the multiplier effect (model)

A

It is the effect that takes place due to the expansion of the manufacturing industry. If a country chooses the export-led development path, the industry (manufacturing) would take place on a large scale

34
Q

Give examples of environmental damage due to development

A

Overfishing, water pollution, deforestation

35
Q

What does EIA stand for and does it mean

A

Environmental Impact Assessment is a study taken to assess the impact of a development project on the environment. Process of identifying, predicting, and evaluating the positive and negative impacts on the natural and social environments.

36
Q

What is the NGP

A

The New Growth Plan is a 10-year plan that hopes to bring development by creating jobs, reducing inequality and poverty. Plans to create jobs in: infrastructure development, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism.

37
Q

What role does the state play in development

A

Governments at all levels initiate development projects
Require financial aid as they are long term and large scale
Eg. NGP & IDZs (industrial Development Zones)

38
Q

What role do private businesses play in development

A

PBs initiate development projects

Can be a small local project (where the business is) to large scale

39
Q

How can governments and private businesses collab to develop a nation

A

Governments can co-operate with private businesses that focus on development like IDC (Industrial Development Corporation)

40
Q

Give 2 reasons why development projects may fail

A
  1. Weak state (government) control can lead to lack of planning/inappropriate planning (projects unsuitable to the community)
  2. Lack of support and monitoring when new development projects start; governments/agencies must monitor new projects till they’re sustainable.
41
Q

Give an e.g. of private businesses playing a role in development and give an example of government-private business playing a role in development.

A
  1. Kumba Iron Ore supports projects that create jobs, develop skills, infrastructure, and social upliftment (Food security and education)
  2. Industrial Development Corporation is a state-owned development agency that finances businesses and industrial development. Creates partnership between gov and private businesses
42
Q

What is international development aid

A

This is when foreign aid donors (MEDCs) help LEDCs (foreign aid recipients) through donations, loans, and financial assistance.

43
Q

What is Development co-operation aid

A

A form of aid is when a partnership forms between the donor and recipient. Either country benefits from the partnership.

44
Q

What are the 3 main types of aid

A

Technical, Humanitarian, and Conditional

45
Q

Briefly explain Technical aid

A

Donor country assists with the equipment, technology, etc, for development projects. Ambassadors from donor countries help manage the technology and machinery

46
Q

Briefly explain Conditional (Tied) aid

A

Donor country provides aid with conditions, the recipient and donor should benefit from this aid (sometimes donor benefits more).

47
Q

Briefly explain Humanitarian aid

A

Donor countries aid the country’s people with aid after political unrest, natural disasters, etc. Short term and is people-focused

48
Q

Give 3 positive and 3 negative impacts of foreign aid

A

POSITIVE

  • Aid helps pay for expensive development projects
  • Humanitarian aid helps saves lives from unrest or disasters.
  • LEDCs benefit from the expertise and technology from MEDCs

NEGATIVE

  • MEDCs acquire natural resources from LEDCs for low prices
  • Loans have high-interest rates locking LEDCs into high repayments
  • MEDCs sell manufactured goods (made from resources from LEDCs; bought at low prices) back to LEDCs for high prices

Geography (7 decks)

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