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OCR A-Level Chemistry Salters B > Developing Fuels > Flashcards

Developing Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

A reaction which gives out energy and heats the surroundings

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2
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

A reaction which takes in energy and cools the surroundings

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3
Q

How to calculate enthalpy change

A

Enthalpy change = Enthalpy of the products - Enthalpy of the reactants

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4
Q

What are standard conditions

A
  • 298K
  • 1 atm
  • 1 mol dm^-3
  • Standard states
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5
Q

Energy transferred = ?

A

Specific heat capacity x mass (g) x temperature change

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6
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K

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7
Q

Hess’s law

A

As long as the starting a finishing points are the same, the enthalpy will always be the same, irrespective of how you get from the start to the finish

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8
Q

Aromatic and aliphatic compounds

A

Aromatic compounds - compounds that contain one or more benzene rings

Aliphatic compounds - compounds that do not contain any benzene rings

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9
Q

Functional group

A

Modifiers that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of molecules

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10
Q

Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Saturated hydrocarbon - a molecule with no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds

Unsaturated hydrocarbon - a molecule with carbon-carbon double or triple bond

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11
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of compounds in which all members have the same general molecular formula

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12
Q

Structural isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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13
Q

Average bond enthalpy

A

The average quantity of energy needed to break a particular bond

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14
Q

Breaking and making bonds, exothermic and endothermic

A

Breaking bonds is an endothermic process as energy is needed to break the bond. Making bonds in an exothermic process

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15
Q

Cracking

A

Any reaction in which a large molecule is made into smaller molecules

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16
Q

Heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis

A

Heterogeneous catalysis - when the catalyst and the reactants are in different physical states

Homogeneous catalysis - when the catalyst and the reactants are in the same physical states

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17
Q

Catalyst poisoning

A

A substance that stops a catalyst functioning properly

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18
Q

How does heterogeneous catalysis work

A

1) Reactants are adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst
2) Bonds between the reactants break
3) New bonds form to create the products
4) The products diffuse away from the surface of the catalyst

19
Q

Methane reaction with steam

A

CH4(g) + H2O(g) –> CO(g) + 3H2(g)

Reaction happens with a solid nickle catalyst

20
Q

Electrophile

A

A positive ion or molecule with a which is attracted to a negatively charged region and react by accepting a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond

21
Q

Sigma and Pi bonds

A

Sigma bonds fore due to the overlap of s-orbitals. Pi bonds form due to the overlap of p-orbitals

22
Q

Carbocation

A

An ion with a positively charged carbon atom

23
Q

Addition reaction

A

A reaction where two or more molecules react to form a single larger molecule

24
Q

Hydration reaction

A

The addition of hydrogen to a molecule in a chemical reaction

25
Q

Polymerisation

A

Monomers joining together to produce long chain polymers

26
Q

Products of complete combustion

A

Carbon dioxide and water

27
Q

Products of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide, carbon, and water

28
Q

What volume does one mole of gas occupy

A

24 dm^3

Amount in moles = Volume/24 dm^3

29
Q

Ideal Gas Equation

A

Pressure (Pa) x Volume (m^3) = Moles x Gas Constant (8.314) x Temperature

PV = nRT

30
Q

Position isomerism

A

When the functional group or substituted atom is in a different place

31
Q

Stereoisomerism

A

When molecules have the same structural formula but different in how their atoms are arranged in space

32
Q

E/Z isomers

A

E isomers have the substituted groups on different sides, sometimes called trans

z isomers have the substituted group of the same side, sometimes called cis

33
Q

Paritculates, sources and major polluting effects

A

Sources - volcanoes, burning fuels, burning coal

Major polluting effects - penetrate deep into the human body causing heart attacks and lung cancer

34
Q

Volatile organic compounds (VOC), sources and major polluting effects

A

Sources - plants, unburnt fuel from petrol engines

Major polluting effects - photochemical smog

35
Q

Carbon monoxide (CO), sources and major polluting effects

A

Sources - incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons in fossil fuels, burning biomass

Major polluting effects - toxic gas, photochemical smog

36
Q

Carbon dioxide (CO2), sources and major polluting effects

A

Sources - combustion of fossil fuels

Major polluting effects - greenhouse effect

37
Q

Nitrogen oxides (NOx), sources and major polluting effects

A

Sources - combustion of fuels in power stations and vehicles

Major polluting effects - acid rain, photochemical smog

38
Q

Sulphur oxides (SOx), sources and major polluting effects

A

Sources - volcanoes, burning of fuels containing sulphur

Major polluting effects - toxic gas, acid rain

39
Q

Catalytic converters

A

Found in cars to remove the main pollutants from the exhaust. Removes carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen monoxide

40
Q

Biofuels

A

An alternative fuel derived from renewable plant and animal materials. Ethanol and bio-diesel are examples of this

41
Q

Ethanol as a biofuel

A
  • Made by fermentation of carbohydrate crops such as sugar cane
  • Cars cannot easily run on ethanol alone as it is too volatile
42
Q

Bio-diesel as a biofuel

A

Typically made by chemically reacting fats and oils. Advantages over diesel:

  • Can be made from waste oil rather than using fossil-fuel based oil
  • Carbon-neutral
  • It is biodegradable if spilled
  • Contains virtually no sulphur
  • Produces less particulates and carbon monoxide but more nitrogen oxides
43
Q

Advantages of using hydrogen as a biofuel

A
  • Renewable and can be made by electrolysis of water
  • Can be stored and sent down pipelines
  • Can be used in internal combustion engines or in a fuel cell to generate electricity
  • Produces no carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons when burnt
44
Q

Disadvantages of using hydrogen as a biofuel

A
  • Production from water often depends on the use of electricity from fossil fuels
  • Less energy dense than diesel
  • Oxides of nitrogen are still produced

OCR A-Level Chemistry Salters B (10 decks)

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