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A Level Chemistry OCR B > Developing Fuels > Flashcards

Developing Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

State the standard conditions.

A
  1. Standard temperature - 25°c (298K)
  2. Standard pressure - 1atm
  3. Standard concentration - 1 mol dm-3
  4. Standard state - s,l,g
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2
Q

Define system

A

The reactants + products being measured (inside the reaction vessel)

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3
Q

Define surroundings

A

Everything else that’s not the system - outside the reaction vessel

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4
Q

Define exothermic

A

A reaction that gives out energy from the system to the surroundings and heats them.

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5
Q

Define endothermic

A

A reaction that takes energy into the system from the surroundings, cooling the surroundings.

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6
Q

What is thermochemistry?

A

The study of the energy + heat associated with chemical reactions.

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7
Q

Why type of process is bond breaking?

A

Endothermic as it requires energy

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8
Q

What type of process is bond forming?

A

Exothermic as energy is released

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9
Q

What formula is used to measure enthalpy change?

A

E = mcΔT

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10
Q

What do experiments to measure enthalpy changes ususally involve?

A

Transfering energy to/from water

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11
Q

What general formula can be used to calculate ΔH of a reaction?

A

ΔH = Hproducts - Hreactants

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12
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon

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13
Q

What are the 4 main features of alkanes?

A

Have the general formula CnH2n+2

Have names ending in -ane

Are saturated - each C is bonded 4 times with the maximum number of hydrogens possible.

Are aliphatic - don’t contain benzene rings

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14
Q

What do dashed/dotted bonds represent in the 3D structure of a molecule?

A

A bond in the direction behind the plane of the paper

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15
Q

What do wedges represent in the 3D structure of a molecule?

A

A bond in the direction in front of the plane of the paper

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16
Q

What does aromatic mean?

A

An organic molecule/hydrocarbon containing 1+ benzene rings

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17
Q

What does aliphatic mean?

A

Straight unbranched non-aromatic chains.

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18
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A modifier responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions/behaviours of molecules that contain it

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19
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Series of compounds in which all members have the same functional group but have different carbon chain lengths

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20
Q

What is a cycloalkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon where the carbon atoms are joined in a ring

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21
Q

What are the 5 main features of a cycloalkane?

A

Have the general forumla CnH2n

Have names begining with cyclo-

Have names ending in -ane

Are saturated - 2 hydrogens per carbon

Are aliphatic

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22
Q

What is an alkene?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing 1+ C=C bonds

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23
Q

Describe the bonding in an alkene

A

A C=C bond contains a sigma (σ) bond and a pi (π) bond.

A σ bond is an area of increased e- density between the C atoms. Only contains 1 area of negative charge

A π bond consists of 2 areas of negative charge. One of these is above the line of the atoms and the other is below

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24
Q

What are the 5 main features of alkenes?

A

Have the general formula CnH2n (for 1 double bond)

Have names ending in -ene

Are unsaturated - Have 1+ double covalent bonds between C atoms in molecule

Are aliphatic - don’t contain benzene rings

Double bonds have a high electron density making alkenes fairly reactive.

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25
Q

What are arenes?

A

A group of organic molecules with benzene rings. The electrons in the double bonds are not attached to a particular carbon so are delocalised. Shown by a circle in 6 carbon skeleton.

26
Q

Where are σ bonds found?

Where are π bonds found?

A

σ bonds found in single bonds

π bonds found in double bonds (along with a σ bond)

27
Q

What are the bond angles around the C=C bond?

A

All bond angles around C=C bond 120º

Because there are 3 groups of e- around each C atom - 2 single bonds + 1 double bond

These groups repel each other as far as possible

28
Q

How are alcohols produced?

A
  • By the hydration of alkenes
  • From alkyl hydrogen sulfate
29
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

A positive ion or molecule with a partial positive charge on one of the atoms which causes it to be attracted to a negatively charged area.
It will react by accepting a lone-pair to form a dative covalent bond

30
Q

What is electrophilic addition?

A

A reaction in which an electrophile joins onto an alkene/molecule with double/triple bond

No atoms are removed from the alkene/molecule it joins on to

31
Q

When is a covalent bond said to be polarised?

A

If the electrons are unevenly distribute between the atoms

32
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

A molecule containing a carbon that has a positive charge

It is formed as an intermediate in electrophilic addition

33
Q

What is copolymerisation?

A

When more than one type of monomer is used during polymerisation

Polymers have the general structure:
-A-B-A-B-A-B-

34
Q

What are the conditions for addition polymerisation?

A

With a Pt catalyst - room temp + pressure

With a Ni catalyst - high temp + pressure
(100-200ºC + 2-10atm)

35
Q

What is a structural isomer?

What are the 3 types of structural isomerism?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but which have different structural formulae

3 types: chain isomerism, position isomerism, functional group isomerism

36
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

The different arrangement arrangement of carbon atoms in a chain.

Chain lengths are different/carbons are in different places in the chain because of branching

37
Q

What is position isomerism?

A

Where the functional group is situated in different places/potitions in the molecule

38
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A

Compounds have the same molecular formulae but have different functional groups

39
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the atoms in space (different 3D structure)

Excludes any different arrangements due to the molecule rotating as a whole or rotating about particular bonds.

40
Q

What specific type of stereoisomerism do you need to know about?

A

cis-trans/E-Z isomerism

41
Q

What is needed for stereoisomerism to occur?

A

A double bond between 2 carbon atoms

2 different groups on each double-bonded carbon

42
Q

In terms of stereoisomerism, what does cis- mean?

A

Groups on the same side of the double bond.
(When we don’t have 2 H’s)

43
Q

In terms of stereoisomerism, what does trans- mean?

A

Groups on opposite sides of the double bond
(When we don’t have 2 H’s)

44
Q

In terms of stereoisomerism, what does E- mean?

A

The highest priority groups are on opposite sides of the double bond.

45
Q

In terms of stereoisomerism, what does Z- mean?

A

The highest priority groups are on the same side of the double bond

(think zame zide…)

46
Q

What is Hess’ Law?

A

ΔH for any reaction will be the same regardless of any intermediate stages provided the start + end conditions/points are the same.

47
Q

What is energy density?

A

The amount of energy produced per kg of fuel.

48
Q

Define bond enthalpy

A

The energy required to break 1mol of a particular bond. Averaged over a range of different gasous compounds containing that bond

49
Q

Why are theoretical calulcations for bond enthalpies often diferent to experimental results?

A

Average bond enthalpies from several compounds are used in the caluclation - the actual bond enthalpies in particular molecules will be vary slightly

Bond enthalpy data are for gaseous molecules - some molecules may be in different states (e.g. liquid) at 298K

50
Q

Does a higher bond enthalpy mean a longer or shorter bond?

A

The higher the bond enthalpy, the shorter the bond

51
Q

Define cracking

A

A reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones.

52
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Substance which speeds up the rate of chemical reaction by providing an alternate reaction pathway with a lower EA

Is not chemically changed/used up at the end of the reaction

(Although may form intermediates or be poisoned)

53
Q

What is catalysis?

A

The acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst

2 types - heterogenous + homogeneous

54
Q

What is a catalyst poison?

How do they work?

A

A substance which irriversibly binds to the catalyst surface, blocking its active site and stopping it from functioning properly

Prevents/inhibits other/fewer reactants being adsorbed so the catalyst becomes less efficient

55
Q

What type of catalyst is a catalytic converter in a car an example of?

Why?

A

A heterogeneous catalyst

The reactants are the exhaust fumes whilst the catalyst is a solid (finely-divided) metal (e.g. Pt/Rh)

56
Q

Describe the mechanism of heterogeneous catalysis

A

Reactants come into contact with catalyst surface
Reactants adsorbed onto catalyst surface. This weakens intramolecular bonds
New bonds form, creating the products of the reaction
Products diffuse away from the catalyst surface, leaving it free for new reactants to adsorb to

57
Q

What is a primary pollutant?

A

A pollutant released directly into the atmosphere.

58
Q

What is a secondary pollutant?

A

A pollutant not released directly into the atmosphere

Instead formed from primary pollutants in the atmosphere

59
Q

What goes into a car engine?

What comes out?

A

In: fuel + air

Out: CO2, CO, H2O, SOx, NOx, N2, particulates, unburnt hydrocarbons

60
Q

What is photochemical smog?

A

Smog containing mix of primary + secondary pollutants which absorb light energy and undergo chemical reactions, forming smog

61
Q

What are the effects of photochemical smog?

A
  • Produces ozone + other secondary pollutants/irritating chemicals
  • Ozone is a greenhouse gas + damages lung tissue/immune system
  • Haziness + reduced visibility
  • Eye + nose irritation
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Harmful to plants + animals
  • Damages substances with C=C bond (e.g. plastic + rubber)
62
Q

What are particulates, how are they produced, what effects do they have?

A

Small carbon particles smaller than 2.5x10-12m

Formed from burning fossil fuels + volcanoes

Penetrate the body causing lung cancer + heart attacks
Make surfaces dirty

A Level Chemistry OCR B (11 decks)

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