Developing an ability to draw

Question 1

Goodnow (1977)

Answer 1

Children draw people as tadpole (head and legs) without any instruction

Question 2

Luquet (1920s): intellectual realism

Answer 2

Drawings are often influenced by what we know rather than what we can see (car with 4 wheels even though only 2 are visible)

Question 3

Piaget and Inhelder (1967): reason for IR and criticism of this view

Answer 3

Egocentrism: unable to recognise multiple perspectives

Consequence of trying to portray important features?

Question 4

Freeman and Janikoun (1972)

Answer 4

Defining features
Under 7s ommitted the flower but included the handle (over 7s did the opposite)
- Defining feature

Question 5

Bremner and Moore (1984)

Answer 5

Role of knowledge
5-7 yr olds in two groups: mug with handle and mug without
Only those that saw the handle included it in their drawings
Knowledge of the identity of the object influenced drawings

Question 6

Crook (1984)

Answer 6

Opaque or transparent
Rod through the ball: children drew the rod all the way through the ball visually - displayed hidden detail
Roads pushed either side into the ball: child draw the roads either side of the ball

Question 7

Light and Humphreys (1981)

Answer 7

Partial occulsion
5-6yr olds had to draw two pigs (one behind the other) from 4 sides of the table
They always drew the pigs side by side
No occulsion but maintained spatial relations

Question 8

Light and MacIntosh (1980)

Answer 8

Depicting spatial relations
Draw glass with house behind it
- Drew glass with house beside it
Draw glass with house inside it
- Drew glass with house inside it

Question 9

Davis (1983)

Answer 9

Spatial relations
Two cups, one with handle out of view
4-6yr olds drew both cups without a handle
Included the handle when asked to draw the cup with the handle ommitted
Spatial relations more important that object identity

Question 10

Light and Simmons (1983)

Answer 10

Communiate information
Red and blue ball side by side and each child has to draw the balls so that the next child would know where they were sitting
6yr olds always drew balls side by side
- Even when they knew this didn’t communicate a useful message

Question 11

Reith and Dominin (1997)

Answer 11

5 and 9 year olds tested on da Vinci window where one ball partially excludes the other
Some 8-9yr olds show IR by selecting two balls, not a crescent against a circle, to represent what they see

Question 12

Do adults have IR? Tracing and line drawings

Answer 12

Adults were influenced by what they thought it should look like
Not poor motor skills: better when tracing
Not poor representational decisions: errors on line drawings

Question 13

Mitchell, Ropar, Ackroyd, Rajendran (2005): shepard illusion

Answer 13

Increased level of misperception from the tables

Stored info about the appearances of this kind of object

Question 14

Mitchell et al. (2005)

Answer 14

Draw both versions of shepard illusion with strong or weak 3D cues

• More errors with 3D cues
• Knowledge contaminated ability to draw accurately

Question 15

Shepard et al. (2005)

Answer 15

Meaningful and non-meaningful 3D and 2D stimuli composed of same lines
7yr olds made more errors drawing 3D than 2D
More accurate with meaningful than non-meaningful
Drawings distorted to viewer’s knowledge

Question 16

What kind of people will children draw the largest?

Answer 16

Historically important, authority, people they love

Question 17

Axia et al. (1998)

Answer 17

Children view their own country as large compared to other countries

Question 18

Fox and Thomas (1989)

Answer 18

Children draw unpleasant or threatening figures small

Question 19

Thomas and Silk (1990)

Answer 19

Children draw threatening figures as small because they’re less of a threat that way