Develop Flashcards
3 types of ADHD
Hyperactive/impulsive: lessens with age
Inattentive: more stable with age
Combined: often becomes only inattentive with age
(you have to have 18 symptoms ( 9 for hyperactivity and 9 for inattentiveness)
How does child rearing affect motor skill acquisition?
Historic: In the 1800s the long gowns made the kids log-roll, made then crawl later in development
Cultural: swaddling is not good
Describe a plausible gene-environment correlation, and explain why it’s passive, active or evocative correlation
Passive: Child does not directly affect this. Ex: parents are intelligent, so child becomes intelligent and lives in ahome with books to read etc
Active: Child seeks herself to environment because of her own intelligence, ex book club (Matilda)
Evocative: Intelligent people may be drawn to you, resulting in environment changes
Define ADHD
A persistent pattern of symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity to a degree that’s maladaptive & inconsistent with the developmental level
ADHD can NOT be diagnosed on the basis of psychological tests of brain functioning.
2 looking-based paradigms used for infancy research
Preferential looking based: Vad föredrar barnet att titta på, hellre mammans ansikte än en främlings
Violation of expectation paradigm:
Infants look longer at events that are inconsistent with their prior experiences
Bioecological theory
Bronfenbrenner
Emphasizes the importance of understanding human development in a context of interconnected systems
Child is in the center of a lot of systems
Microsystem: peers, family school
Mesosystem: interaction between micro and exo
Exosystem: external, indirect affect ex parents and their worplace
Macrosystem: broader cultural context & societal values
Chronosystem: the era we’re in, history, societal change
Ethical problems when doing research on infants
- can’t get informed consent
-child can not withdraw when they want
-can’t explain the study to the child
since children dont often remember feeling that young, there is no telling if/how the study damages the child
-should someone be allowed to consent for another person?
Two advantages and two disadvantages with corneal reflection eye tracking for measuring infant visual attention
Advantages:
-fairly acurate & easy to calibrate
-able to measure pupillary dilation
Disadvantages:
-hard for child to pay attention
-noisy data, hard to analyze and go through
Nativist theories
Humans are born with an innate language acquisition device. The rapidity of language acquisiton can not solely be attributed to environmental input. As language development in children across cultures follow a similar trajectory it must be innate.
Emphasizes species universality & specificity
Involves a specialized LAD (language acquisition device) for language learning.
LAD provides constraints & specializations to facilitate language learning
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Poverty of stimulus:
even if children only hear “bad” language without grammar and richness they still learn correctly
Specificity of language impairments:
Impariments in language aligns with LAD
Core Knowledge
SNUSA
Numerical understanding: approximate number of objects in a set
Object permanence:
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not directly perceived or sensed. Infants begin to develop this ability around 4 to 7 months of age
The psychological theory of core knowledge suggests that humans are born with innate cognitive structures or systems that provide a foundation for understanding and interacting with the world. These innate structures are believed to guide early learning and development by predisposing individuals to attend to and process certain types of information more readily than others
Social partners: connect with others, when many people are talking
Numerical understanding: approximate numbers & large amount. Apple trees
Understanding of objects: represent objects over time (object permanence, how to act on object)
Space: navigate the environment, the layout of a room, find one’s way
Actions: understand and encode other people’s actions (gaze following, fixation on objects, action prediction)
Dynamic systems theory
Thelen
Interplay between the individual, the environment and the past at hand
This is development
Water immersion experience
The specific task or challenge for the infants was to move within the water. This task required them to develop and refine motor skills suited to the water environment. The water immersion task acted as a catalyst for the emergence of new motor patterns and behaviors.
Neo-constructivistic theory
Karmillof-Smith
Human development is based on three different components
Brain: genetics. Recognizing the influence of genes on cognitive & neural processes
Body: considers the bosy as an integral part of cognitive development
Environment: stresses the interconnectedness of the brain and body with the external environment. The environment & individual influence each other.
Gene environment interaction vs correlation
Interaction:
Correlation:
- passive; because parent is shy, child is shy
- active; because child is shy, she chooses shy friend
- evocative; because child is shy, shy people are drawn to her
Phenotype, genotype, heritability
Phenotype:
what you measure, some kind of behaviour, trait
Genotype:
what type of gene/genetic disposition that you have
Heritability:
The proportion of observed variation in a trait (phenotype) within a population that can be attributed to genetic factors (genotype)
Heritability- The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals.
Piaget’s 4 stages
(some people can fly)
- Sensimotor ::: birth - 2 years
understands world through language & mental image - Preoperational ::: 2-7 years
Understands world through language & mental image - Concrete operational ::: 7 - 12 years
understands world through logical thinking & categories - Formal operational (12 years onward)
Understands the world through hypothetical thinking & scientific reasoning
