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MAWMAW > DEV PSYCHH (CH 3 & 4) > Flashcards

DEV PSYCHH (CH 3 & 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception. The process by which sperm and ovum—the male and
female gametes, or sex cells—combine to create a single cell called a zygote

A

fertilization

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2
Q

One-celled organism resulting from
fertilization.

A

zygote

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3
Q

Methods used to achieve conception
through artificial means.

A

assisted reproductive technology (ART)

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4
Q

Twins conceived by the union of two
different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings.

A

dizygotic twins

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5
Q

Twins resulting from the division of a
single zygote after fertilization; also
called identical twins; they are genetically similar.

A

monozygotic

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6
Q

Chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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7
Q

Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells.

A

genetic code

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8
Q

Coils of DNA that consist of genes.

A

chromosomes

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9
Q

Small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity

A

genes

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10
Q

Complete sequence of genes in the human body.

A

human genome

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11
Q

Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics.

A

mutations

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12
Q

In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression.

A

autosomes

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13
Q

Pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male.

A

sex chromosomes

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14
Q

Two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait.

A

alleles

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15
Q

Possessing two identical alleles for a trait.

A

homozygous

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16
Q

Possessing differing alleles for a trait.

A

heterozygous

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17
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed.

A

dominant inheritance

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18
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait.

A

recessive inheritance

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19
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait

A

polygenic inheritance

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20
Q

Observable characteristics of a person.

A

phenotype

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21
Q

Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.

A

genotype

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22
Q

Combination of genetic and environ
mental factors to produce certain complex traits.

A

multifactorial transmission

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23
Q

Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.

A

epigenesis

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24
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring.

A

sex-linked inheritance

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25
Q

Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes. Also called trisomy-21.

A

Down syndrome

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26
Q

Clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having
children with hereditary defects.

A

genetic counseling

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27
Q

Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior.

A

behavioral genetics

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28
Q

Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population.

A

heritability

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29
Q

Term describing tendency of twins to
share the same trait or disorder.

A

concordant

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30
Q

Potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait.

A

reaction range

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31
Q

Limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics.

A

canalization

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32
Q

The portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions.

A

genotype-environment interaction

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33
Q

Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype environment covariance.

A

genotype-environment correlation

34
Q

Tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.

A

niche-picking

35
Q

The unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.

A

nonshared environmental effects

36
Q

Extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type as defined by having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile.

A

obesity

37
Q

Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations.

A

temperament

38
Q

Mental disorder marked by loss of
contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions.

A

schizophrenia

39
Q

Period of development between conception and birth.

A

gestation

40
Q

Age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle.

A

gestational age

41
Q

Principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction; that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.

A

cephalocaudal principle

42
Q

Principle that development proceeds
from within to without; that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.

A

proximodistal principle

43
Q

First 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus.

A

germinal stage

44
Q

The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.

A

implantation

45
Q

Second stage of gestation (2 to 8
weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs

A

embryonic stage

46
Q

Natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb; also called miscarriage.

A

spontaneous abortion

47
Q

Final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.

A

fetal stage

48
Q

Prenatal medical procedure using high frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.

A

ultrasound

49
Q

Nerve cells.

A

neurons

50
Q

Environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities.

A

teratogen

51
Q

Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

52
Q

Viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system.

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS)

53
Q

(1) Physical or psychological demands on a person or organism. (2) Response to physical or psychological demands.

A

stress

54
Q

The act or process of giving birth.

A

parturition

55
Q

Mechanical monitoring of fetal heart
beat during labor and delivery.

A

electronic fetal monitoring

56
Q

Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.

A

cesarean delivery

57
Q

Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.

A

natural childbirth

58
Q

Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.

A

prepared childbirth

59
Q

An experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor.

A

doula

60
Q

First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.

A

neonatal period

61
Q

Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old.

A

neonate

62
Q

Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage.

A

anoxia

63
Q

Condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly.

A

neonatal jaundice

64
Q

Standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.

A

Apgar scale

65
Q

Nervous system begins to form.

A

3 weeks

66
Q

Heart begins to beat.

A

4 weeks

67
Q

Head continues rapid growth

A

5 weeks

68
Q

Almost all body parts are differentiated.

A

8 weeks

69
Q

Growth of head slows.
Formation of red blood cells by liver slows.

A

12 weeks

70
Q

Begins to coordinate limb movement

A

14 weeks

71
Q

Possible to visually determine baby’s sex .
Ultrasound shows clearly defined bone structure

A

16 weeks

72
Q

Possible to hear heartbeat with stethoscope.
Baby covered by fine downy hair called lanugo.
Fetal movements called quickening are felt by mother.

A

20 weeks

73
Q

Rapid eye movements commence.
Substantial weight gain

A

21 weeks

74
Q

Fingernails can be seen.

A

24 weeks

75
Q

Eyes open and close.
Lungs capable of breathing

A

28 weeks

76
Q

Skin pink and smooth
Chubby appearance

A

32 week

77
Q

Nervous system can carry out some integrative functions.
Reacts to light.
Usually assumes upside-down position as birth approaches.

A

38 weeks

78
Q

An infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity.

A

state of arousal

79
Q

Weight of less than 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small- for-date.

A

low-birth-weight babies (LBW)

80
Q

Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.

A

preterm (premature) infants

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