DEV PSYCHH (CH 3 & 4) Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

Union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception. The process by which sperm and ovum—the male and
female gametes, or sex cells—combine to create a single cell called a zygote

fertilization

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One-celled organism resulting from
fertilization.

zygote

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Methods used to achieve conception
through artificial means.

assisted reproductive technology (ART)

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Twins conceived by the union of two
different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings.

dizygotic twins

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Twins resulting from the division of a
single zygote after fertilization; also
called identical twins; they are genetically similar.

monozygotic

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Chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells.

genetic code

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Coils of DNA that consist of genes.

chromosomes

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Small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity

genes

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Complete sequence of genes in the human body.

human genome

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Permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics.

mutations

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In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression.

autosomes

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Pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male.

sex chromosomes

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Two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait.

alleles

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Possessing two identical alleles for a trait.

homozygous

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Possessing differing alleles for a trait.

heterozygous

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Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed.

dominant inheritance

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Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait.

recessive inheritance

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Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait

polygenic inheritance

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Observable characteristics of a person.

phenotype

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Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.

genotype

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Combination of genetic and environ
mental factors to produce certain complex traits.

multifactorial transmission

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Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells.

epigenesis

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Pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring.

sex-linked inheritance

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Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes. Also called trisomy-21.

Down syndrome

Clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.

genetic counseling

Quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior.

behavioral genetics

Statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population.

heritability

Term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.

concordant

Potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait.

reaction range

Limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics.

canalization

The portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions.

genotype-environment interaction

Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype environment covariance.

genotype-environment correlation

Tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.

niche-picking

The unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.

nonshared environmental effects

Extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type as defined by having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile.

obesity

Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations.

temperament

Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions.

schizophrenia

Period of development between conception and birth.

gestation

Age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle.

gestational age

Principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction; that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.

cephalocaudal principle

Principle that development proceeds from within to without; that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.

proximodistal principle

First 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus.

germinal stage

The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.

implantation

Second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs

embryonic stage

Natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb; also called miscarriage.

spontaneous abortion

Final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.

fetal stage

Prenatal medical procedure using high frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.

ultrasound

Nerve cells.

neurons

Environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities.

teratogen

Combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system.

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

(1) Physical or psychological demands on a person or organism. (2) Response to physical or psychological demands.

stress

The act or process of giving birth.

parturition

Mechanical monitoring of fetal heart beat during labor and delivery.

electronic fetal monitoring

Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.

cesarean delivery

Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.

natural childbirth

Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.

prepared childbirth

An experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor.

doula

First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.

neonatal period

Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old.

neonate

Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage.

anoxia

Condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly.

neonatal jaundice

Standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.

Apgar scale

Nervous system begins to form.

3 weeks

Heart begins to beat.

4 weeks

Head continues rapid growth

5 weeks

Almost all body parts are differentiated.

8 weeks

Growth of head slows. Formation of red blood cells by liver slows.

12 weeks

Begins to coordinate limb movement

14 weeks

Possible to visually determine baby’s sex . Ultrasound shows clearly defined bone structure

16 weeks

Possible to hear heartbeat with stethoscope. Baby covered by fine downy hair called lanugo. Fetal movements called quickening are felt by mother.

20 weeks

Rapid eye movements commence. Substantial weight gain

21 weeks

Fingernails can be seen.

24 weeks

Eyes open and close. Lungs capable of breathing

28 weeks

Skin pink and smooth Chubby appearance

32 week

Nervous system can carry out some integrative functions. Reacts to light. Usually assumes upside-down position as birth approaches.

38 weeks

An infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity.

state of arousal

Weight of less than 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small- for-date.

low-birth-weight babies (LBW)

Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.

preterm (premature) infants