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Developmental Psychology > Dev Psych Exam Final > Flashcards

Dev Psych Exam Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Freud stages 1-3

A

oral - infancy
anal - early childhood
phallic - preschool

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2
Q

Erikson Stages 1-8

A 
trust vs. mistrust: 0-1
autonomy vs. shame and doubt: 1-3
initiative vs. guilt: 3-6
industry vs. inferiority: 6-11
identity vs. role confusion: 12-19
intimacy vs. isolation: 20-25
generativity vs. stagnation: 26-64
integrity vs. despair: 65-death
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3
Q

Marcia 4 ways to respond to identity crisis

A

role confusion
foreclosure
moratorium
identity achievement

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4
Q

Skinner

  • main ideas
  • reinforcement
  • punishment
A

-focused on voluntary (learned) responses
process
-associate a response (behavior) w/ its consequences (contingencies)
-desirable results (reinforce) –> repeat behaviors
-undesirable results (punish) –> avoid behaviors
the behavior matters, what we think does not

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5
Q

Bandura

  • main ideas
  • modeling
A

an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior.
also called observational learning
modeling
-central process of social learning, by which a person observes the actions of others and then copies them
learning occurs through modeling what others do

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6
Q

Piaget

-main ideas

A

as individuals interact with the world, their thinking about the world changes
knowledge is actively constructed
how people think is more important that what we think

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7
Q

Piaget

-assimilation vs. accommodation

A

assimilation (no change)
-interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemas
-fit practice to theory
accommodation (change)
-adapt current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
-fit theory to practice

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8
Q

Piaget

  • egocentrism
  • symbolic thought
A

symbolically
-imitation and understanding of the world around them
egocentric - perceive from their own perspective

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9
Q

Vygotsky

  • main ideas
  • scaffolding
  • zone of proximal development
A

learning precedes development
Social interaction valued
culture is integral to development via the social context
zone of prox
-the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help
scaffolding
-give a task with elements out of the child’s ability
allows a more knowledgeable other to help them understand

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10
Q

information processing

  • main ideas (middle childhood)
  • knowledge base
  • control processes
  • metacognition
A

middle childhood
compares how humans think to how computers work
info from the environment is transferred through cognitive systems to create new output (how the mind transfers information.
sensory - short, moves to long term
knowledge base, control processes, metacognition

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11
Q

theory of mind

-main ideas

A

personal theories about others’ mental (thoughts) and emotional (feelings) states
generally emerges around 4 y/o
child watches Max (a doll) put a puppy in a red box.
when max leaves, the puppy is placed in a blue box, and Max returns
“where will Max look for the puppy?”
3-yr old: blue box (lack of understanding of deception)
6-yr olds: red box

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12
Q

Steinberg’s three-phase model of adolescent brain development

A

prefrontal: thinking, planning
limbic: social and emotional processing
phase 1: emotions running high, but regulatory and higher order thinking lags behind
-high limbic system activity
phase 2: regulatory and higher order thinking is strengthened, but used inconsistently
phase 3: regulatory and higher order thinking is more dependable and less susceptible to outside influences

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13
Q

Gilligan main ideas

A

Gilligan: female psychology and values - including how women come to define morality - differ from those of men
Gilligan
-women define themselves more in terms of their relationships and responsibilities to others
-tend to prioritize empathy over logic in their decision making
justice and care ethics
justice
-right and wrong in absolute terms; justice over compassion
-used by men and women
-favors male socialization
care
-compassion, human needs, and relationships; more reluctant to make absolute judgments of right and wrong
-used by men and women
-favors female socialization

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14
Q

Kohlberg

  • main ideas
  • three phases
  • stages 3-5
A

stage 3 - seeks to do what will gain the approval of others
stage 4 - conventional
-late adolescence
-orientation: society and social order
-laws: cannot (should not) be changed
-“he should not steal the drug because he would break the law
stage 5 - postconventional
-orientation: social contract amongst individuals
-laws: can (should) be changed if unjust
-“he should steal the drug because in this instance the law is unjust”

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15
Q

self theories

-definition

A

?

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16
Q

socioemotional selectivity theory

-definition/main ideas (Dr. Carstensen video)

A

Posits that older adults prioritize regulating their emotions and seek out relationships and experiences that reinforce positive emotions (e.g., pride, joy)
aging associated with relative preference for positive over negative information in attention and memory
spend more time with people with whom they have rewarding relationships

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17
Q

stratification theories

-definition

A

?

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18
Q

disengagement theory

-definition/main ideas

A

aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagment, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to
it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society

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19
Q

Sternberg’s 3 forms of intelligence

-Definition

A

analytical
creative
practical
NOTES

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20
Q

dual process

-definition

A

we rely on intuitive and analytical thought
adolescents tend to rely more on intuitive thinking than do adults
as we age we move more toward analytical processing
related to integrated learning/integrative thinking
intuitive
-begins with a belief, assumption, or general rule (called a heuristic) rather than logic
analytical
-formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget

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21
Q

Dr. Arnett’s 4 revolutions that contributed to emerging adulthood

A

technology revolution
-transition from manufacturing to knowledge economy
sexual revolution
-birth control broke link between sex and marriage/children
-marriage age went up while age of sex went down
women’s movement
-1960: twice as many men as women
-today: 58% female
youth movement
-adulthood used to be associated with status and authority
-young adults prefer to prolong their youth
-30 is the new 20

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22
Q

`diathesis-stress model

A

vulnerability (genetic) + stress (environment) = disorder

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23
Q

affordance

A

an object that gives a child the opportunity to act upon the outside world

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24
Q

myelination

A

the coating of axons w/ a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron
faster processing of information

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25
Q

lateralization

A

each side of the brain specializes in certain functions
left
-right side of body, logical reasoning, detailed analysis, and basics of language
right
-left side of body, generalized emotional and creative impulses

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26
Q

temperament

A

response pattern to stimuli that is stable across time and situation
genetically based
3 types
-effortful control (able to regulate attention and emotion)
-negative mood (fearful, inhibited)
-exuberant (positive)

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27
Q

gross motor skills

A

gross

  • large, whole body movements
  • running, jumping, sports moves
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28
Q

jfine motor skills

A

fine

  • harder to develop
  • writing
  • pouring juice
  • cutting food
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29
Q

genotype

A

the organism’s genetic inheritance - the genes of the chromosomes
genetic potential

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30
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristics of a person, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

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31
Q

epigenetics

A

the effects of environmental forces on the expression of a genotype

32
Q

separation anxiety

A

1st 2 years
clinging and crying when a familiar caregiver is about to leave
attachment theory

33
Q

stranger wariness

A

1st 2 years
fear of unfamiliar people, especially when they move too close, too quickly
attachment theory

34
Q

synchrony

A

1st 2 years
describes early parent-child interactions
a coordinated exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

35
Q

integrative thinking

A

adolescents
-tend to use analytical thinking
-analytical and intuitive thought not consistently integrated
emerging adults
-analytical and intuitive thought consistently integrated
-corresponds to the integration of objective and subjective thinking

36
Q

functional fixedness

A

one way to examine cognitive flexibility
tendency to focus on one function of an object
candle experiment
people have difficulty solving a problem when one element has a fixed function that must be altered

37
Q

objective thought

A

thinking that is not influenced by the thinker’s personal qualities but instead involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid

38
Q

analytical thought

A

formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget
involves rational analysis of many factors whose interactions must be calculated

39
Q

subjective thought

A

thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker
past experiences,cultural assumptions, goals for the future

40
Q

intuitive thought

A

begins with a belief, assumption, or general rule (called a heuristic) rather than logic
quick and powerful; it feels “right”

41
Q

personal fable

A

belief that one is unique, destined to have a heroic, fabled, life

42
Q

invincibility fable

A

idea that death will not occur unless destiny allows it

adolescence

43
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think of them
evident in teenagers who have problems such as delinquency, aggression, or eating disorders

44
Q

abstract thought

A

abstract: reflecting on the world as it should (could) be
occurs in adolescence
-formal operation

45
Q

puberty

  • definition
  • characteristics
A 
regulates
-hunger
-sexual desire and reproduction
-mood
-immunity
disrupts
-circadian rhythm
--go to sleep and wake up later
46
Q

sleep deprivation

A

occurs during adolescence

as circadian rhythm changes, school should start later

47
Q

homeostasis

A

a balance between various parts of the body systems
keeps every physical function in sync with every other
works most quickly and efficiently during emerging adulthood

48
Q

organ reserve

A

the capacity of the organs to allow the body to cope with stress through unused, functional space
helps ensure that emerging adults recover quickly from infections and injuries
begins to slow down as soon as puberty is complete

49
Q

senescence

A

the process of aging

50
Q

general intelligence

A

level of intelligence across the board
an individual’s performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to that person’s performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks

51
Q

fluid intelligence

A

factor of general intelligence
capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge
general ability to think abstractly, reason, identify patterns, solve problems, an discern relationships

52
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

factor of general intelligence

ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience

53
Q

social convoy

A

your relationships that move through life with you

become more intentional in adulthood

54
Q

ecological niche

A

the position or function of an organism or a population within a biological and physical environment
in adulthood it becomes more important to seek things that are important to you

55
Q

frailty (frail elderly)

A

very weak, easily damaged or destroyed

affects ADLs, IADLs

56
Q

ADLs

A

eating
moving from bed to the chair
bathing

57
Q

instrumental activities of daily life (IADLs)

A

food preparation
determining safe and effective transportation methods
keeping up with check-ups and actively assessing supplements

58
Q

compensation

A

mitigates effects of aging
increase thinking time
focus on one task at a time
use more areas of the brain

59
Q

age in place

A

the ability to live in one’s own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably

60
Q

ageism

A

stereotyping and discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of age
casual or systematic

61
Q

primary and secondary aging

A

primary
-primary and inevitable process of bodily deterioration that takes place throughout life
-accumulation of biochemical damage
secondary
-results from disease and poor health practices
-often preventable, whether through lifestyle choice or modern medicine

62
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A

dementia, delirium, amnestic
encompasses the group of disorders in which the primary clinical deficit is in cognitive fuction, and that are acquired rather than developmental

63
Q

positivity effect

A

age-related trend that favors positive over negative stimuli in cognitive processing
older people attend to and remember more positive than negative information

64
Q

menopause

A

marks end of menstrual cycle

65
Q

andropause

A

result of a gradual drop in testosterone

66
Q

prenatal development

-3 stages

A

germinal period
-1st two weeks
zygote division and multiplication
implantation –> organism embeds itself into the placenta that lines the uterus
embryonic period
-weeks 3-8
features
-head, brain, spinal column, vertebrae, heart chamber, extremities
-no sex organs
embryo has all its human organs and parts (except sex)
fetal period
-9 weeks to birth
further development of organs, parts, and extremities
visible sex organs
age of viability
auditory communication between fetus and mother

67
Q

prefrontal cortex

-maturation in infancy and childhood

A

responsible for abstract and analytical thinking
maturation must occur in early childhood
-children less likely to throw tantrums
-capacity for self-control

68
Q

language

-differences between early childhood and infancy

A

language milestones
-first words, names of familiar people (12 months)
-2 word combinations (18 months)
-3 or 4 word combinations (24 months)
language has a critical period for learning
-very good until 7

69
Q

influences and challenges to moral development (adolescence)

A 
influences
-personal autonomy
-peer culture
-beliefs and morals
challenges
-prefrontal cortex still developing
-peer pressure
-deep concern w/ others' opinions and evaluations
70
Q

physical and mental health (emerging adulthood)

A 
prime time for strength and reproduction
all systems function optimally
some childhood ailments are outgrown
increased incidence and prevalence
mood disorders (depression, bipolar)
anxiety disorder (PTSD, OCD)
schizophrenia
Diathesis-stress model
71
Q

research on intelligence

-general conclusions and controversies (reading)

A

?

72
Q

friendships (adolescents, emerging adults, and adults)

A

adolescents
-peer and friendships influence increase in importance
emerging adults
-functional significance at its peak (intimacy and companionship)
-friends made at high rate
adults
-most friends are considered close
-relationships with non-supportive friends end

73
Q

biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial trends (adolescents, emerging, adults, adults)

A

biosocial
-little depression to most depression to less depression
cognitive
-adolescence: hypothetical and abstract thinking
-emerging: more flexible and integrative thinking
-adulthood: intelligence and expertise
psychosocial
-steady rise in self-esteem

74
Q

effects of aging on the brain and cognitive functioning

-characteristics and examples (lecture)

A

slower brain
-less production of neurotransmitters
-myelination thins
-disrupted neural messages
implicit vs. explicit memory
-implicit: automatic or unconscious (effects less evident w/ aging
-explicit: deliberate or consciously recalled (effects more evident)
prospective (future) and working (current) memory decreased

75
Q

areas for potential conflict with family (late adulthood)

A

driving
assisted living
ADLS

Developmental Psychology (3 decks)

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