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Developmental Psychology > Dev Psych Exam #2 > Flashcards

Dev Psych Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

vocational identity

A

Erikson
originally meant envisioning oneself as a worker in a particular occupation
no longer appropriate due to the specialization of jobs

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2
Q

Erikson stages 5 & 6

A 
stage 5
-identity vs. role confusion
-fidelity/repudiation
-can lead to uncertain and negative feelings about values, lifestyle, and friendships
stage 6
-intimacy vs. isolation
-love/exclusivity
-can lead to anxiety about close relationships, jealousy, lonelienss
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3
Q

Erikson increase in social cognition

A

plays a role in moral development

-adolescence

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4
Q

formal operation vs concrete operation

A

Piaget
formal operational
-reasoning: objects that are not real or tangible
-thinking: abstract, hypothetical
concrete
-reasoning: objects are real and tangible
thinking: objective, systematic, scientific

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5
Q

Marcia ideas

A

role confusion
foreclosure
moratorium
identity achievement

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6
Q

role confusion

A

opposite of identity confusion
characterized by lack of commitment to any goals or values
sometimes called identity diffusion
-adolescents seem diffuse, unfocused, or unconcerned about their future

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7
Q

foreclosure

A

in order to avoid the confusion of not knowing who they are, young people accept traditional roles and values

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8
Q

moratorium

A

a time-out that includes some exploration, either in breadth (trying many things) or in depth (following one path after a tentative, temporary commitment)
more common at age 19 than younger, because some maturity is required

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9
Q

identity achievement (and how it relates to Erikson)

A

occurs when adolescents have reconsidered the goals and values of their parents and culture, accepting some and discarding others, forging their own identity
this is the solution to the 5th crisis of Erikson

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10
Q

role of prefrontal cortex and limbic system Sternberg

A

prefrontal: thinking, planning
limbic: social and emotional processing

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11
Q

brain maturation Sternberg

A

phase 1: emotions running high, but regulatory and higher order thinking lags behind
-high limbic system activity
phase 2: regulatory and higher order thinking is strengthened, but used inconsistently
phase 3: regulatory and higher order thinking is more dependable and less susceptible to outside influences

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12
Q

Kohlberg moral stages 4 and 5 (and relation to Piaget)

A

stage 4 - conventional
-late adolescence
-orientation: society and social order
-laws: cannot (should not) be changed
-“he should not steal the drug because he would break the law
stage 5 - postconventional
-orientation: social contract amongst individuals
-laws: can (should) be changed if unjust
-“he should steal the drug because in this instance the law is unjust”
RELATION TO PIAGET

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13
Q

Kohlberg moral orientation (three levels)

A 
preconventional
-the individual
-"he should not steal the drug because his family will be disappointed"
conventional
-others and society
postconventional
-moral principles
sequence: from self-centered to abstract reasoning
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14
Q

Four revolutions of emerging adulthood

A

technology revolution
-transition from manufacturing to knowledge economy
sexual revolution
-birth control broke link between sex and marriage/children
-marriage age went up while age of sex went down
women’s movement
-1960: twice as many men as women
-today: 58% female
youth movement
-adulthood used to be associated with status and authority
-young adults prefer to prolong their youth
-30 is the new 20

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15
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

vulnerability (genetic) + stress (environment) = disorder

interaction, not addition

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16
Q

Gilligan vs Kohlberg

-compare and contrast

A

Gilligan: female psychology and values - including how women come to define morality - differ from those of men
Kohlberg
-model developed around ability to make decisions based on universal, abstract principles of justice, duty and use of impartial reason and logic
Gilligan
-women define themselves more in terms of their relationships and responsibilities to others
-tend to prioritize empathy over logic in their decision making

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17
Q

Gilligan justice and care ethics

A 
justice
-right and wrong in absolute terms; justice over compassion
-used by men and women
-favors male socialization
care
-compassion, human needs, and relationships; more reluctant to make absolute judgments of right and wrong
-used by men and women
-favors female socialization
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18
Q

role of nature and nurture regarding puberty

A

nature
-2/3 of the variations in the age of onset of puberty is explained by genes
-on overage: AA’s (earlier) –> European or Hispanic Americans –> Chinese Americans
girls are a few months ahead of boys in terms of hormonal and sexual changes
nurture
-stressful environments have been linked to early onset of puberty
-violent and impoverished
-divorced parents

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19
Q

concrete thought vs. abstract thought distinction research

A

concrete: reflecting on the world as it is
abstract: reflecting on the world as it should (could) be

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20
Q

individual and social influences on moral development in adolescence

A

personal autonomy
peer culture
beliefs and morals

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21
Q

challenges to moral development in adolescence

A

prefrontal cortex still developing
peer pressure
deep concern w/ others’ opinions and evaluations

22
Q

physical health in emerging adulthood

A

prime time for strength and reproduction
all systems function optimally
some childhood ailments are outgrown

23
Q

mental health in emerging adulthood

A 
increased incidence and prevalence
mood disorders (depression, bipolar)
anxiety disorder (PTSD, OCD)
schizophrenia
Diathesis-stress model
24
Q

extreme risk taking as a characteristic of emerging adulthood

A 
accidents and homicides are among the leading causes of death among people 15-25
much more prevalent in men than women
biological
-outlet for hormones
social
-social status
-female attention
25
Q

traditional markers of adult and current trends regarding those markers

A 
markers
-marriage
-parenthood
-education
-career
tend to occur later
26
Q

emerging adulthood

  • characteristics
  • definition
A

between adolescence and adulthood (18-25)

“in between” feeling of being an adult in some areas but not others

27
Q

potential challenges to establishing a vocational identity in emerging adulthood

A

so many to choose from
most people change vocations during their lifetime
most jobs require experience that is learned on the job

28
Q

research on gender differences in moral development

A

some research (minority) suggests some differences
-differences were relatively small
most research (majority) suggests there are no differences
Gilligan
-sexes think differently about parenthood, abortion, and so on
-women: morality of care
-men: morality of justice

29
Q

puberty

A 
regulates
-hunger
-sexual desire and reproduction
-mood
-immunity
disrupts
-circadian rhythm
--go to sleep and wake up later
30
Q

pituitary

A

produces many hormones during puberty

31
Q

menarche

A

a girl’s first menstrual period

pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche

32
Q

spermarche

A

a boy’s first ejaculation of sperm

may occur during sleep or via direct stimulation

33
Q

sleep deprivation

A

occurs during adolescence

as circadian rhythm changes, school should start later

34
Q

abstract thought

A

occurs in adolescence

-formal operation

35
Q

peer influence

A

challenges moral development

BOOK

36
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think of them
evident in teenagers who have problems such as delinquency, aggression, or eating disorders

37
Q

personal fable

A

belief that one is unique, destined to have a heroic, fabled, life

38
Q

invincibility fable

A

idea that death will not occur unless destiny allows it

adolescence

39
Q

dual process model

A

we rely on intuitive and analytical thought
adolescents tend to rely more on intuitive thinking than do adults
as we age we move more toward analytical processing
related to integrated learning/integrative thinking

40
Q

intuitive thought

A

begins with a belief, assumption, or general rule (called a heuristic) rather than logic
quick and powerful; it feels “right”

41
Q

analytical thought

A

formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget
involves rational analysis of many factors whose interactions must be calculated

42
Q

social cognition

A

increases in adolescence

CLASS

43
Q

organ reserve

A

the capacity of the organs to allow the body to cope with stress through unused, functional space
helps ensure that emerging adults recover quickly from infections and injuries
begins to slow down as soon as puberty is complete

44
Q

homeostasis

A

a balance between various parts of the body systems
keeps every physical function in sync with every other
works most quickly and efficiently during emerging adulthood

45
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

psychopathology is the consequence of stress interacting with an underlying predisposition to produce a specific disorder
all the systems of the body, mind, and social context interact and influence one another as time goes on

46
Q

subjective thought

A

thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker
past experiences,cultural assumptions, goals for the future

47
Q

objective thought

A

thinking that is not influenced by the thinker’s personal qualities but instead involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid

48
Q

cognitive flexibility

A

multiple perspectives on an issue
multiple solutions to a problem
knowledge is dynamic, not static
more typical in emerging adulthood than adolescence
context matters: generate more solutions to familiar (relevant) problems

49
Q

integrative thinking

A

adolescents
-tend to use analytical thinking
-analytical and intuitive thought not consistently integrated
emerging adults
-analytical and intuitive thought consistently integrated
-corresponds to the integration of objective and subjective thinking

50
Q

risk taking behavior

A 
accidents and homicides are among the leading causes of death among people 15-25
much more prevalent in men than women
biological
-outlet for hormones
social
-social status
-female attention
51
Q

functional fixedness

A

one way to examine cognitive flexibility
tendency to focus on one function of an object
candle experiment
people have difficulty solving a problem when one element has a fixed function that must be altered

Developmental Psychology (3 decks)

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