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dev psych > dev psych ch. 5-8 > Flashcards

dev psych ch. 5-8 Flashcards

0
Q

auditory cortex

A

conscious processing of sounds

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1
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

performs brain’s executive functions- planning, selecting, and coordinating thoughts

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2
Q

amygdala

A

~neural centers in the limbic system linked to emotion

~a tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety

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3
Q

hippocampus

A

~a structure in the limbic system linked to memory

~a brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for location

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4
Q

corpus callosum

A

axon fibers connecting two central hemispheres

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5
Q

thalamus

A

relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

~controls maintenance functions such as eating; helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion and reward
~limbic system; a brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body

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7
Q

pituitary gland

A

~master endocrine gland

~limbic system; a gland in the brain that produces hormones when signaled by the hypothalamus

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8
Q

visual cortex

A

conscious processing of sights

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9
Q

spinal cord

A

pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from the brain; controls simple reflexes

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10
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movement and balance

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11
Q

cerebral cortex

A

ultimate control and information processing center

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12
Q

body changes at 6

A

weight: 40-50 lbs
height: 3 1/2 ft
adult proportions: legs =1/2 of total height

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13
Q

myelination

A

the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

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14
Q

just right principle

A

although a sin of pathological obsessive compulsive disorder in adults a normal and widespread phenomenon among young children-routine

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15
Q

lateralization

A

literally, sidedness referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity; the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa

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16
Q

corpus callosum

A

a long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them

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17
Q

injury control/harm reduction

A

~practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling , and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the belief that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place
~primary, secondary, and teritary prevention

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18
Q

child maltreatment

A

intentional harm to, or avoidable endangerment of, anyone under 18 years of age

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19
Q

theory-theory

A

the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories

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20
Q

Piaget preoperational thinking: preoperational intelligence

A

Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of 2&6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible

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21
Q

Piaget preoperational thinking: conservation

A

the principle that the amount of substance remains the same even when its appearance changes

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22
Q

theory of mind

A

a person’s theory of what other people might be thinking

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23
Q

Vygotsky social learning: guided partcipation

A

the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations

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24
Vygotsky social learning: scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to the learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
25
fast-mapping
the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning
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overregulationzation
~the application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, speaking as if the language is more regular than it actually is ~ex: mouse to mouses instead of mice
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teacher-directed programs
stress academics, usually taught by one adult to a group of children
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balanced bilingual
a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other
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Head Start
~when: from 1965 to present ~where: U.S. ~who: federal gov't and legislation ~what: federally subsidized early education programs for children to get a head start on their formal education ~why: originally intended to lift families out of poverty by promoting literacy; also provides dental care, immunizations, teaching of english, and helping parents teach their children and solve their own conflicts
30
child-centered/developmental programs
support child development by encouraging children to follow their own interest rather than adult direction
31
instrumental aggression
~hurtful behavior that is aimed at gaining something (such as a toy a place in line, or a turn on the swing) that some else has ~often increases from age 2 to 6; involves objects more than people; quite normal; more egocentric than antisocial
32
reactive aggression
~an impulsive retaliation for a hurt (intentional or accidental) that can be verbal or physical ~indicates a lack of emotional regulation, characteristic of 2 year olds; a 5 year old can usually stop and think before reacting
33
relational aggression
~nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming at social connections between the victim and others ~involves a person attack and thus is directly antisocial; can be veery hurtful; more common as children become socially aware
34
bullying aggression
~unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves ~in both bullies and victims, a sign of poor emotional regulation; adults should intervene before the school years
35
initiative vs. guilt
Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them
36
four basic parenting styles: authoritarian
~high behavior standards ~strict punishment of misconduct ~little communication
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four basic parenting styles: authoritative
~sets limits but listens | ~flexible
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four basic parenting styles: permissive
~high nurturance and communication | ~little discipline, guidance, or control of misconduct
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four basic parenting styles: neglect/uninvolved
~indifference | ~unaware of what happens in child's life
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psychopathology: externalizing problems
~lashing out at others or breaking things ~difficulty with emotional regulation ~expression of powerful feelings ~uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts
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psychopathology: internalizing problems
~turning emotions and distress inward ~difficulty with emotional regulation ~excessively feeling guilt, shame, worthlessness
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psychopathology
an illness or disorder of the mind
43
sex difference
biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body types
44
gender differences
differences in the roles and behavior of males and females that are prescribed by the culture
45
obesity
in a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile
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overweight
in a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile
47
BMI (body mass index)
a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of a height in meters
48
middle childhood
the period between early childhood and adolescence approximately ages 6 to 11
49
reaction time
the time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eye blink) or cognitively (with a thought)
50
benefits of physical activity
~better overall health ~less obesity ~appreciation of cooperation and fair play ~improved problem solving abilities ~respect for teammates and opponents of many ethnicities and nationalities
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hazards of physical activity
~loss of self esteem as a result of criticism from teammates of classmates ~injuries ~reinforcement of prejudices (especially against the other sex) ~increased stress
52
aptitude
the potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge
53
IQ test
a test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school
54
developmental psycholpathology
the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders, and vice versa
55
ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder)
a condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments bu also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive
56
autistic spectrum disorder
any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communications, and unusual play
57
dyslexia
unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment
58
concrete operational thought
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions
59
metacognition
thinking about thinking or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
60
guided participation
the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
61
scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process
62
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
in sociocultural theory, a metaphorical area, or zone, surrounding a learner that includes all the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the person is close (proximal) to acquiring but cannot et master without help
63
phonics approach
teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations
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whole-language approach
teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills-talking and listening, reading and writing
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pragmatics
the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context
66
national assessment of educational progress (NAEP)
an ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; the NAEP is nicknamed the nation's report card
67
immersion
a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that the child is learning
68
bilingual schooling
a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language
69
ESL (english as a second language)
an approach to teaching english in which all children who do not speak english are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic english so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native english speakers
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trends in math and science study (TIMSS)
an international assessment of the math and science skills of fourth and eighth graders
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gender differences
~in middle childhood, girls typically get higher grades than boys do; then at puberty girls' achievement dips ~processing speed develops more slowly in boys, a finding that implies the existence of differences in male and female brains
72
culture of children
the particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society
73
culture of children: friendship and social acceptance
~children learn how to be a good friend ~gender differences persist in activities ~boys and girls want best friends ~friends chosen for common interests, values, backgrounds
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culture of children: popular and unpopular children
~aggressive rejected children are disliked because they are antagonistic and confrontational ~withdrawn rejected children are disliked because they are timid and anxious
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culture of children: social awareness
social cognition is the ability to understand social interactions, including the causes and consequences of human behavior
76
bullying
repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person
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bully-victim
someone who attacks other and who is attacked as well
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social acceptance
friendship is a symmetrical, one to one relationship; popularity is a group concern
79
shared parent influences
~moves ~job changes for parent(s) ~divorce ~family's socioeconomic status
80
nonshared individual influences
``` ~age ~genes ~resilience ~gender ~school and after school activities ~neighborhood peers ```
81
family function
the way a family works to meet the needs of its members
82
family structure
the legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home
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children need from families: material necessities
although children eat, dress, and sleep without help, families can furnish food, clothing, and shelter
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children need from families: learning
families can support, encourage, and guide education
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children need from families: self-respect
because children become self critical and socially aware, families can provide opportunities for success
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children need from families: peer relationships
families can welcome friendships
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children need from families: stability
families an provide protective, predictable routines
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social comparison
the tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers
89
resilience
the capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress

dev psych (2 decks)

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