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dev psych > dev psych ch. 1-4 > Flashcards

dev psych ch. 1-4 Flashcards

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0
Q

critical period

A

when a particular type of development growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen

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1
Q

teratogen

A

a potentially harmful agent

~radiation, tobacco, alcohol, and cocaine

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2
Q

sensitive period

A

when a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen later

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3
Q

science of human development

A

seeks to understand how and why people off all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time

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4
Q

dynamic-systems theory

A

a view of human development as an ongoing, ever changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including family and society

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5
Q

nature

A

traits, capacities, limitations each individual inherits genetically from parents(at conception)

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6
Q

nurture

A

all environmental influences that affect development (after conception)

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7
Q

life-span perspective (multidirectional)

A

study of human development that takes into account all phases of life

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8
Q

ecological-systems approach (multicontextual)

A

the view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life

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9
Q

plasticity

A

human traits can be molded (as plastic can be), yet people maintain a certain durability of identity (as plastic does)

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10
Q

culture (multicontextual)

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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11
Q

ethnic group (multicontextual)

A

people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion

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12
Q

race (multicontextual)

A

a group of people who are regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other groups on the basis of physical appearance

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13
Q

scientific method

A

a way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusion

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14
Q

steps in scientific method

A

1) curiosity
2) develop hypothesis
3) test hypothesis
4) draw conclusions
5) report results

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15
Q

mirror neurons (multidisciplinary)

A

cells in an observer’s brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action

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16
Q

scientific observation

A

a method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants’ behavior in a systematic and objective manner

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17
Q

survey

A

a research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questions, or some other means

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18
Q

cross-sequential research

A

a hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages (a cross-sectional approach), and then follow those groups over the years (a longitudinal approach)
~aka cohort-sequential research or time-sequential research

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19
Q

independent variable

A

in an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on he dependent variable
~aka experimental variable

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20
Q

dependent variable

A

in an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experiment adds

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21
Q

correlation

A

a number between 1&-1 that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables, expressed in terms of their likelihood that one variable will (or will not) occur when the other variable does (or does not)

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22
Q

cross-sectional research

A

a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics

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23
Q

longitudinal research

A

a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed

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24
Q

cohort

A

a group defined by the shared ages of its members

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25
Q

quantitative research

A

research data expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales

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26
Q

qualitative research

A

research that considers qualities instead of quantities

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27
Q

code of ethics

A

a set of moral and specific guidelines principles that members of a profession or group are expected to follow

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28
Q

institutional review board (IRB)

A

a group that exists within most educational and medical institutions whose purpose is to ensure that research follows established guidelines and remains ethical

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29
Q

psychoanalytic- Freud&Erikson

A

irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior

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30
Q

behavioral(learning theory)- Watson, Pavlov, Skinner, &Bandura

A

study of observable behavior; describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned

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31
Q

cognitive- Jean Piaget

A

focus on changes in how people think over time; also thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

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32
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

A

birth to 1- oral stage (sucking and feeding)
1 to 3- anal stage (toilet training)
3 to 6- phallic stage (penis most important)
6 to 11- latency (focus on schoolwork and sports)
adolescence/adulthood- genital stage (seeks sexual stimulation)

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33
Q

developmental theories

A

a framework for explaining patterns and problems of development

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34
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

A

birth to 1- trust vs. mistrust (trust/not trust those who care for baby)
1 to 3- autonomy vs. shame&doubt (become self sufficient or not)
3 to 6- initiative vs. guilt (want to undertake adult activities or not)
6 to 11- industry vs. inferiority (learn to be productive or unable to do things as well as they want to)
adolescence- identity vs. role confusion (establish sexual, political, religious identities or not)

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35
Q

behaviorism

A

the study of observable behavior, and the theory (learning theory) explaining the acquisition of habits and competencies

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36
Q

operant conditioning

A

~aka instrumental conditioning
the learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted in order to promote o prevent an action

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37
Q

reinforecement

A

a technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is followed by something desired

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38
Q

classical conditioning

A

~aka respondent conditioning
the learning processes by which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning

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39
Q

social learning theory

A

emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior, involving learning by observation and limitation

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40
Q

white coat syndrome

A

example of classically conditioned behavior: just the sight of a doctor’s white coat (the stimulus) causes blood pressure to rise (the response) in some people

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41
Q

Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development

A

~birth to 2- sensorimotor (uses senses and motor abilities, obj exists when its out of sight, &think through mental actions)
~2 to 6- preoperational (think magic&poetically, imagination flourishes, and language becomes self expression)
~6 to 11- concrete operational (thinking limited:see, hear, touch, &experience; think w/ logic, understand concepts of #s,science,etc)
~12 to adulthood- formal operational (think about abstractions&hypothetical concepts reasoning analytically; logical about things they’ve never experienced; ethics, politics, &social/moral issues become fascinating)

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42
Q

cognitive theory

A

theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time

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43
Q

information processing

A

a perspective that compares human thinking processes by analogy, to computer analysis of data

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44
Q

selective attention

A

the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others

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45
Q

sociocultural theory

A

development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces

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46
Q

selective adaptation

A

process by which genes that enhance survival and reproductive ability are selected and, over generations, become more frequent

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47
Q

gamete

A

a reproductive cell (sperm or ovum)

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48
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

the chemical composition of the molecules that contain genes

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49
Q

chromosome

A

one of 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes; other species have more or fewer chromosomes

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50
Q

gene

A

the basic unit for the transmission of heredity

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51
Q

genome

A

the full set of genes; instructions to make an individual member of a certain species

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52
Q

polygenic

A

a trait influenced by many genes

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53
Q

multifactorial

A

a trait affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental in expression

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54
Q

allele

A

a variation that makes a gene different in some ways from other genes for the same characteristics

55
Q

genotype

A

an organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential

56
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristics of a person

57
Q

x-linked

A

referring to a gene carried on the X chromosome

58
Q

Down syndrome (Trisomy-21)

A

a condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, with 3 rather than 2 chromosomes on the 21st site, resulting in distinctive characteristics

59
Q

beginning of pregnancy

A

begins at conception, which is also the starting point of gestational age; however the organism does not become an embryo until about 2 weeks later, and pregnancy does not affect the woman ( and cannot be confirmed by blood or urine testing) until implantation

60
Q

length of pregnancy

A

full-term pregnancies last 266 days, or 38 weeks, or 9 months

61
Q

trimesters

A

instead of germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period, some writers divide pregnancy into 3 month periods called trimesters

62
Q

due date

A

although doctors assign a specific due date (based on the woman’s LMP), only 5% of babies are born on that exact date

63
Q

fetus

A

a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth

64
Q

implantation

A

the process beginning about 10 days after conception, in which the developing organism nestles in, and attaches to the placenta that lines the uterus

65
Q

germinal period

A

at least 60% of all developing organism fail to grow or implant properly and thus do not survive the germinal period; most of these organisms are grossly abnormal

66
Q

embryonic period

A

about 20% of all embryos are aborted spontaneously, most often because of chromosomal abnormalities

67
Q

fetal period

A

about 5% of all fetuses are aborted spontaneously before viability at 22 weeks or are stillborn, defined as born dead after 22 weeks

68
Q

birth

A

about 31% of all zygotes grow and survive to become living newborn

69
Q

apgar scale

A

a quick assessment of a newborn’s health, given twice (at one minute and five minutes after birth)

70
Q

low birth weight (LBW)

A

a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds (2500 grams)

71
Q

very low birth weight (VLBW)

A

a body weight at birth of less than 3 pounds (1500 grams)

72
Q

extremely low birth weight (ELBW)

A

a body weight at birth of less than 2 pounds 3 oz (1000 grams)

73
Q

birth weight importance

A

lagging physical and cognitive development confronts babies born early (or preterm, once called premature), and a preterm baby also is probably low birth weight

74
Q

reflex

A

an unlearned, involuntary action or movement in response to a stimulus

75
Q

couvade

A

symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers

76
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves

77
Q

body size change in 0 to 4 month old

A

weight doubles by month 4, mostly baby fat

78
Q

body size change at 1

A

weight triples

79
Q

body size changes at 2

A

half of adult height; one fifth of adult weight

80
Q

developing frontal cortex

A

the front part of the cortex assists in planning, self control, and self regulation; it is very immature in a newborn

81
Q

developing cortex

A

the crinkled outer layer of the brain

82
Q

developing auditory cortex

A

hearing is quite acute at birth, the result of months of eavesdropping during the fetal period

83
Q

developing visual cortex

A

vision is the least mature sense at birth because the fetus has nothing to see while in the womb

84
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain

85
Q

percentile

A

a point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100

86
Q

axon

A

a fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons

87
Q

dendrite

A

a fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons

88
Q

transient exuberance

A

the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in the infant’s brain during the first two years of life

89
Q

sensation

A

the response of the sensory system when it detects a stimulus

90
Q

perception

A

the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation

91
Q

experience-expectant brain functions

A

certain basic common experiences for normal development

92
Q

experience-dependent brain functions

A

particular, variable experiences that may or may not develop in a particular infant

93
Q

self righting

A

the inborn drive to remedy development deficits

94
Q

binocular vision

A

the ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image

95
Q

gross motor skills

A

physical abilities involving large body movement

96
Q

fine motor skills

A

physical abilities involving small body movements

97
Q

smallpox immunization

A

the most lethal disease for children in the past; eradicated worldwide as of 1971; vaccination no longer needed

98
Q

polio immunization

A

rare but crippling and sometimes fatal disease; widespread vaccination began in 1955 and has eliminated polio in most nations

99
Q

measles (rubeola) immunization

A

with vaccine developed in 1963, this disease is disappearing

100
Q

rotavirus immunization

A

has killed half a million children in 2005; the vaccine not yet widespread in developing nations, where most deaths occur

101
Q

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

A

phenomenon of baby (2-4 months) going to sleep healthy but never awakening

102
Q

sensorimotor intelligence

A

Piaget’s term for the way infants think by using their sense and motor skills

103
Q

stunting

A

the failure of children to grow to normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

104
Q

wasting

A

the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

105
Q

primary circular reaction

A

when the infant sense motion, sucking noise, ad other stimuli, and tries to understand them

106
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

infants respond to other people, to toys, and any other object they can touch or move

107
Q

object permanence

A

the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard

108
Q

affordance

A

an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment

109
Q

dynamic perception

A

perception that is primed to focus on movement and change

110
Q

tertiary circular reactions

A

infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world

111
Q

reminder session

A

a perception experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remember it at the moment

112
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

technique that measures electrical activity in the top layers of the brain, where the cortex is

113
Q

child-directed speech

A

the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants

114
Q

babbling

A

the extended repetition of certain syllables

115
Q

holophrase

A

a single word that is used to express a complete meaningful thought

116
Q

naming explosion

A

a sudden increase in an infant’s vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age

117
Q

Theories of Language Learning: infants need to be taught

A

~based on behaviorism (baby says mama, mom repeats, smiles,&rewards baby)
~parents are expert teachers
~frequent repetition of words is instructive
~well taught infants become well spoken children

118
Q

Theories of Language Learning: social-pragmatic

A

~infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings
~early communication focuses on emotional messages of speech and not the words

119
Q

Theories of Language Learning: infants teach themselves

A

Language Acquisition Device (LAD): a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans o learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation

120
Q

Theories of Language Learning: hybrid theory

A

~some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age
~how language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances

121
Q

temperament

A

inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation

122
Q

infants express: happy or content

A

~6 weeks- social smile
~3 months- laughter; curiosity
~4 months- full, responsive smiles

123
Q

infants express: angry or sad

A

~4 to 8 months- anger (a healthy response to frustration)

~sadness- indicates withdrawl

124
Q

infants express: fearful

A

~9 to 14 months- with strangers (stranger wariness; separation anxiety)
~12 months- fear of unexpected sights and sounds

125
Q

infants express: pride or shame

A

~18 months- self awareness; pride; shame; embarassement

126
Q

Freud’s main psychoanalytical view on stages of infancy

A

sexual interest and pleasure expressed first in the oral stage, and then the anal stage

127
Q

Erikson’s main psychoanalytical view on stages of infancy

A

developmental crises involve trust versus mistrust, followed by autonomy versus shame and doubt

128
Q

self-awareness

A

realization that one is a distinct individual

129
Q

social learning

A

learning by observing others- both what they do and how other people react to their behavior

130
Q

working model

A

in cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences

131
Q

attachment

A

according to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with the caregiver

132
Q

proximal parenting

A

caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching

133
Q

distal parenting

A

caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face to face communication with minimal holding and touching

134
Q

social referencing

A

seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else’s expressions and reactions

135
Q

synchrony

A

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

136
Q

center day care

A

child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children

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