dev psych ch. 1-4 Flashcards
0
Q
critical period
A
when a particular type of development growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen
1
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teratogen
A
a potentially harmful agent
~radiation, tobacco, alcohol, and cocaine
2
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sensitive period
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when a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen later
3
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science of human development
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seeks to understand how and why people off all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time
4
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dynamic-systems theory
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a view of human development as an ongoing, ever changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including family and society
5
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nature
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traits, capacities, limitations each individual inherits genetically from parents(at conception)
6
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nurture
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all environmental influences that affect development (after conception)
7
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life-span perspective (multidirectional)
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study of human development that takes into account all phases of life
8
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ecological-systems approach (multicontextual)
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the view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life
9
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plasticity
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human traits can be molded (as plastic can be), yet people maintain a certain durability of identity (as plastic does)
10
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culture (multicontextual)
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
11
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ethnic group (multicontextual)
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people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion
12
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race (multicontextual)
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a group of people who are regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other groups on the basis of physical appearance
13
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scientific method
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a way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusion
14
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steps in scientific method
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1) curiosity
2) develop hypothesis
3) test hypothesis
4) draw conclusions
5) report results
15
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mirror neurons (multidisciplinary)
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cells in an observer’s brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action
16
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scientific observation
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a method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants’ behavior in a systematic and objective manner
17
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survey
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a research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questions, or some other means
18
Q
cross-sequential research
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a hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages (a cross-sectional approach), and then follow those groups over the years (a longitudinal approach)
~aka cohort-sequential research or time-sequential research
19
Q
independent variable
A
in an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on he dependent variable
~aka experimental variable
20
Q
dependent variable
A
in an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experiment adds
21
Q
correlation
A
a number between 1&-1 that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables, expressed in terms of their likelihood that one variable will (or will not) occur when the other variable does (or does not)
22
Q
cross-sectional research
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a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics
23
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longitudinal research
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a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed
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cohort
a group defined by the shared ages of its members
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quantitative research
research data expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales
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qualitative research
research that considers qualities instead of quantities
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code of ethics
a set of moral and specific guidelines principles that members of a profession or group are expected to follow
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institutional review board (IRB)
a group that exists within most educational and medical institutions whose purpose is to ensure that research follows established guidelines and remains ethical
29
psychoanalytic- Freud&Erikson
irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior
30
behavioral(learning theory)- Watson, Pavlov, Skinner, &Bandura
study of observable behavior; describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned
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cognitive- Jean Piaget
focus on changes in how people think over time; also thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
32
Freud's Psychosexual Theory
birth to 1- oral stage (sucking and feeding)
1 to 3- anal stage (toilet training)
3 to 6- phallic stage (penis most important)
6 to 11- latency (focus on schoolwork and sports)
adolescence/adulthood- genital stage (seeks sexual stimulation)
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developmental theories
a framework for explaining patterns and problems of development
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Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
birth to 1- trust vs. mistrust (trust/not trust those who care for baby)
1 to 3- autonomy vs. shame&doubt (become self sufficient or not)
3 to 6- initiative vs. guilt (want to undertake adult activities or not)
6 to 11- industry vs. inferiority (learn to be productive or unable to do things as well as they want to)
adolescence- identity vs. role confusion (establish sexual, political, religious identities or not)
35
behaviorism
the study of observable behavior, and the theory (learning theory) explaining the acquisition of habits and competencies
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operant conditioning
~aka instrumental conditioning
the learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted in order to promote o prevent an action
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reinforecement
a technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is followed by something desired
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classical conditioning
~aka respondent conditioning
the learning processes by which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning
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social learning theory
emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior, involving learning by observation and limitation
40
white coat syndrome
example of classically conditioned behavior: just the sight of a doctor's white coat (the stimulus) causes blood pressure to rise (the response) in some people
41
Piaget's Periods of Cognitive Development
~birth to 2- sensorimotor (uses senses and motor abilities, obj exists when its out of sight, &think through mental actions)
~2 to 6- preoperational (think magic&poetically, imagination flourishes, and language becomes self expression)
~6 to 11- concrete operational (thinking limited:see, hear, touch, &experience; think w/ logic, understand concepts of #s,science,etc)
~12 to adulthood- formal operational (think about abstractions&hypothetical concepts reasoning analytically; logical about things they've never experienced; ethics, politics, &social/moral issues become fascinating)
42
cognitive theory
theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time
43
information processing
a perspective that compares human thinking processes by analogy, to computer analysis of data
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selective attention
the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
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sociocultural theory
development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces
46
selective adaptation
process by which genes that enhance survival and reproductive ability are selected and, over generations, become more frequent
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gamete
a reproductive cell (sperm or ovum)
48
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
the chemical composition of the molecules that contain genes
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chromosome
one of 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes; other species have more or fewer chromosomes
50
gene
the basic unit for the transmission of heredity
51
genome
the full set of genes; instructions to make an individual member of a certain species
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polygenic
a trait influenced by many genes
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multifactorial
a trait affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental in expression
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allele
a variation that makes a gene different in some ways from other genes for the same characteristics
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genotype
an organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential
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phenotype
the observable characteristics of a person
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x-linked
referring to a gene carried on the X chromosome
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Down syndrome (Trisomy-21)
a condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, with 3 rather than 2 chromosomes on the 21st site, resulting in distinctive characteristics
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beginning of pregnancy
begins at conception, which is also the starting point of gestational age; however the organism does not become an embryo until about 2 weeks later, and pregnancy does not affect the woman ( and cannot be confirmed by blood or urine testing) until implantation
60
length of pregnancy
full-term pregnancies last 266 days, or 38 weeks, or 9 months
61
trimesters
instead of germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period, some writers divide pregnancy into 3 month periods called trimesters
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due date
although doctors assign a specific due date (based on the woman's LMP), only 5% of babies are born on that exact date
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fetus
a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth
64
implantation
the process beginning about 10 days after conception, in which the developing organism nestles in, and attaches to the placenta that lines the uterus
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germinal period
at least 60% of all developing organism fail to grow or implant properly and thus do not survive the germinal period; most of these organisms are grossly abnormal
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embryonic period
about 20% of all embryos are aborted spontaneously, most often because of chromosomal abnormalities
67
fetal period
about 5% of all fetuses are aborted spontaneously before viability at 22 weeks or are stillborn, defined as born dead after 22 weeks
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birth
about 31% of all zygotes grow and survive to become living newborn
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apgar scale
a quick assessment of a newborn's health, given twice (at one minute and five minutes after birth)
70
low birth weight (LBW)
a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds (2500 grams)
71
very low birth weight (VLBW)
a body weight at birth of less than 3 pounds (1500 grams)
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extremely low birth weight (ELBW)
a body weight at birth of less than 2 pounds 3 oz (1000 grams)
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birth weight importance
lagging physical and cognitive development confronts babies born early (or preterm, once called premature), and a preterm baby also is probably low birth weight
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reflex
an unlearned, involuntary action or movement in response to a stimulus
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couvade
symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers
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REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves
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body size change in 0 to 4 month old
weight doubles by month 4, mostly baby fat
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body size change at 1
weight triples
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body size changes at 2
half of adult height; one fifth of adult weight
80
developing frontal cortex
the front part of the cortex assists in planning, self control, and self regulation; it is very immature in a newborn
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developing cortex
the crinkled outer layer of the brain
82
developing auditory cortex
hearing is quite acute at birth, the result of months of eavesdropping during the fetal period
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developing visual cortex
vision is the least mature sense at birth because the fetus has nothing to see while in the womb
84
neurons
nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain
85
percentile
a point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100
86
axon
a fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons
87
dendrite
a fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
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transient exuberance
the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in the infant's brain during the first two years of life
89
sensation
the response of the sensory system when it detects a stimulus
90
perception
the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation
91
experience-expectant brain functions
certain basic common experiences for normal development
92
experience-dependent brain functions
particular, variable experiences that may or may not develop in a particular infant
93
self righting
the inborn drive to remedy development deficits
94
binocular vision
the ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image
95
gross motor skills
physical abilities involving large body movement
96
fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements
97
smallpox immunization
the most lethal disease for children in the past; eradicated worldwide as of 1971; vaccination no longer needed
98
polio immunization
rare but crippling and sometimes fatal disease; widespread vaccination began in 1955 and has eliminated polio in most nations
99
measles (rubeola) immunization
with vaccine developed in 1963, this disease is disappearing
100
rotavirus immunization
has killed half a million children in 2005; the vaccine not yet widespread in developing nations, where most deaths occur
101
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
phenomenon of baby (2-4 months) going to sleep healthy but never awakening
102
sensorimotor intelligence
Piaget's term for the way infants think by using their sense and motor skills
103
stunting
the failure of children to grow to normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
104
wasting
the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition
105
primary circular reaction
when the infant sense motion, sucking noise, ad other stimuli, and tries to understand them
106
secondary circular reactions
infants respond to other people, to toys, and any other object they can touch or move
107
object permanence
the realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard
108
affordance
an opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment
109
dynamic perception
perception that is primed to focus on movement and change
110
tertiary circular reactions
infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world
111
reminder session
a perception experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remember it at the moment
112
EEG (electroencephalogram)
technique that measures electrical activity in the top layers of the brain, where the cortex is
113
child-directed speech
the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants
114
babbling
the extended repetition of certain syllables
115
holophrase
a single word that is used to express a complete meaningful thought
116
naming explosion
a sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age
117
Theories of Language Learning: infants need to be taught
~based on behaviorism (baby says mama, mom repeats, smiles,&rewards baby)
~parents are expert teachers
~frequent repetition of words is instructive
~well taught infants become well spoken children
118
Theories of Language Learning: social-pragmatic
~infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings
~early communication focuses on emotional messages of speech and not the words
119
Theories of Language Learning: infants teach themselves
Language Acquisition Device (LAD): a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans o learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation
120
Theories of Language Learning: hybrid theory
~some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age
~how language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances
121
temperament
inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation
122
infants express: happy or content
~6 weeks- social smile
~3 months- laughter; curiosity
~4 months- full, responsive smiles
123
infants express: angry or sad
~4 to 8 months- anger (a healthy response to frustration)
| ~sadness- indicates withdrawl
124
infants express: fearful
~9 to 14 months- with strangers (stranger wariness; separation anxiety)
~12 months- fear of unexpected sights and sounds
125
infants express: pride or shame
~18 months- self awareness; pride; shame; embarassement
126
Freud's main psychoanalytical view on stages of infancy
sexual interest and pleasure expressed first in the oral stage, and then the anal stage
127
Erikson's main psychoanalytical view on stages of infancy
developmental crises involve trust versus mistrust, followed by autonomy versus shame and doubt
128
self-awareness
realization that one is a distinct individual
129
social learning
learning by observing others- both what they do and how other people react to their behavior
130
working model
in cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences
131
attachment
according to Ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms with the caregiver
132
proximal parenting
caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching
133
distal parenting
caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face to face communication with minimal holding and touching
134
social referencing
seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions
135
synchrony
a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant
136
center day care
child care that occurs in a place especially designed for the purpose, where several paid adults care for many children
