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COM - MSK > Dev of skeltal system COLE > Flashcards

Dev of skeltal system COLE Flashcards

1
Q

where do cervical spinal nerves exit?

all others?

A

above vertebra of same number

below vertebra

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2
Q

what do sclerotomes form?

A

neural arches and vertebral body

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3
Q

what are the reasons for scoliosis?

A

failure of formation

failure of segmentation

mixed

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4
Q

where do ribs arise from?

where do they grow into ribs?

what can cervical ribs cause?

A

zones of condensed mesenchyme lateral to vertebral body

thoracic region only

thoracic outlet syndrome

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5
Q

what does skeletogenesis form?

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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6
Q

what is pectus carinatum

A

overgrowth of cartilage causing the sternum to protrude

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7
Q

what is pectus excavatum

A

overgrowth of costal cartilage, restricts rib expansion, pushes sternum inward

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8
Q

what is sternal cleft

A

missing sternum

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9
Q

what controls appendicular skeletogenesis?

A

Hox genes

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10
Q

when does limb development begin?

HL or FL ahead?

A

week 4

FL ahead

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11
Q

what initiates hindlimb outgrowth?

forelimb?

secreted by what?

A

TBX4 & FGF10

TBX5 & FGF10

secreted by somatic lateral plate mesoderm

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12
Q

what is Holt-Oram syndrome?

A

mutation in Tbx5

variable upper limb abnormalities, mostly malformations of carpal bones

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13
Q

what is all of the limb missing called?

part?

A

amelia

meromelia

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14
Q

what is feet and hands close to the trunk called?

A

phocomelia

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15
Q

what is expressed in the dorsal AER?

A

Radical fringe which induces SER2 at the border bw cells

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16
Q

ventral ectoderm expresses what?

A

Engrailed-1

17
Q

what happens in the Progress Zone

A

mitosis and limb lengthening

located below AER

18
Q

what does the AER express which maintains the progress zone

A

FGF4 and FGF8

19
Q

what is produced in the ZPA?

what does it do?

A

retionic acid –> expression of Shh

directs organization of limb bud & patterning of digits
deteremins A/P axis

20
Q

what happens in a misrepresentation of of retinoic acid or Shh

A

mirror image duplication of limb structures

21
Q

what is polydactyly

due to what?

A

extra digits

duplication of AER via missexpression of retinoic acid or Shh

22
Q

in the foot, where is the extra digit usually located?

A

laterally

23
Q

what regulates type and shape of bones?

A

Hox

24
Q

what does the AER secrete to influence the PZ?

what happens next?

A

FGFs

develop into distal structures

25
Q

cells not in the AER range development into what?

A

proximal

26
Q

what did Thalidomide do?

A

messed up the AER –> PZ signals

-limbs failed to grow

27
Q

what is syndactyly?

A

webbed fingers or toes

failure of apoptosis

28
Q

what is brachydactyly?

A

short fingers or toes

29
Q

lobster-claw

absence of 1 or more central digits or between digits 2 & 4 is what?

A

cleft hand or foot

30
Q

Schwann cells are made of what?

A

neural crest cells

31
Q

what makes the motor/sensory axons?

A

neural tube

32
Q

what makes skeleton and vasculature?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

33
Q

how does the upper limb rotate?

lower limb?

A

laterally 90 degrees

medially 90

34
Q

what is mermaid syndrome?

A

legs fused, sirenomelia

35
Q

what is acondroplasia?

effects what?

result from what?

A

dwarfism, pathological changes in epiphyseal plate

long bones

mutation in FGF-R3

36
Q

what is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

brittle bone disease due to CT deformaties

blue sclera

37
Q

what is talipes equinovarus?

due to what?

what week?

A

club foot

bone deformaties

6-7

38
Q

how many original somites were there

how many cervical now?

A

8

7

COM - MSK (12 decks)

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