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Biol 111 Post-midterm > Deuterostomes > Flashcards

Deuterostomes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the group that is the one exception to the protostome/deuterostome rule?

A

Priapulids - protostomes BUT the blastopore develops into an anus!

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2
Q

Are the priapulids ecdysozoans or lophotrochozoa?

A

Priapulids are ecdysozoans. They moult.

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3
Q

What period did the bilateria split into protostomes/deuterostomes?

A

Around the cambrian period (~500 MYA)

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4
Q

Why did we learn that protostome/deuterostome might not be such a great way to divide the bilateria?

A

Because some protostomes blastopores develop into anus, and there is evidence that the protostomes & deuterostomes come from a single ancestor that might have been more deuterostome style, and protostomes just evolved differently later on. Just not useful.

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5
Q

Characterize deuterostomes’ circulatory, nervous, and skeletal systems.

A

Ventral heart.
Dorsal NS.
Endoskeleton.

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6
Q

Give an example of an echinoderm.

A

Starfish (strictly marine animals)

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7
Q

What are echinoderm’s skeletons like? 3 characteristics.

A
  1. Made of CaCO3 plates.
  2. Continuous growth
  3. Covered by thin layers of skin & muscle.
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8
Q

Discuss the symmetry of echinoderms. Describe the processes involved.

A

As larvae, they’re bilaterally symmetrical, then as adults they become pentaradially symmetrical.

Larvae grows 3 arms & sucker, then original mouth & anus disappear, a new mouth forms on the left.

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9
Q

Describe sea star’s vascular system.

A
  • They have a closed water vascular system, so the amount of water circulating inside them is controlled by the Madreporite.
  • The water pressure allows the sea star to use tube feet for locomotion, feeding, etc.
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10
Q

How do sea stars reproduce?

A

They have separate sexes.
They use external fertilization (broadcast spawning).
Their larvae are planktonic, have cilia

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11
Q

Can sea stars also reproduce asexually? How?

A

Yes, they can regenerate tissue like crazy, so if they drop an arm it can generate a new individual.

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12
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

A form of asexual reproduction involving the development of an unfertilized egg. Induced by appropriate salt concentration in solution.

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13
Q

There are lots of different types of echinoderms. Name some.

A
  1. Crinoidea (feathery limbs)
  2. Ophiuroidea (brittle stars and basket stars)
  3. Asteroidea (sea stars, very strong predators, evert stomach to digest)
  4. Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars, have pincers & aristotle’s lantern)
  5. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers, pearl fish lives in their anus)
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14
Q

What phylogenic group includes the vertebrates?

A

Chordates.

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15
Q

What are pharyngeal slits?

A

Ancestral deuterostome trait, gill slits.

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16
Q

What are 3 characteristics of chordata? Think of their NS.

A
  1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
  2. Notochord (stabilizing structure)
  3. Muscular, post-anal tail.
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17
Q

Do humans have a notochord and a post-anal tail?

A

Yes but only during embryonic development.

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of chordates?

A
  1. cephalochordates
  2. urochordates
  3. vertebrates
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19
Q

What are lancelets?

A

Little fish-like animals part of the cephalochordate group.

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20
Q

What group of chordates do sea squirts belong to?

A

Urochordates.

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21
Q

Tell the life story of urochordates.

A

Start as planktonic larvae.
Larva settles on its head and gets rid of everything in the head, the pharynx enlarges, head and tail degenerate, and becomes a sessile adult.

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22
Q

Which has more species, protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes (don’t forget how huge the arthropods are!)

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23
Q

What are gill slits, gill arches, and gill filaments?

A

Gill slits are the big slits on the sides of the neck/head that contain the gills.
Gill arches are the bones that provide structure.
Gill filaments are the tissue on the gill arches, that perform the actual gas exchange.

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24
Q

How many pairs of gill arches do bony fish have?

A

4.

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25
Q

Explain the “counter-current exchange system” and its advantages.

A

The fresh water flows in the opposite direction to the blood so that the chemical gradient is the best for lots of oxygen to go into the blood right where the blood is on its way back into the body.

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26
Q

How many chambers do fish hearts have?

A
  1. (auricle/atrium + ventricle)
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27
Q

What is the “axial” skeleton?

A
  • Cranium
  • Vertebral column
  • Ribs
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28
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • Pectoral girdle

- Pelvic girdle

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29
Q

What percentage of vertebrates are fish?

A

50%

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30
Q

What two groups of fish are in the “agnathans”?

A

The agnathans are jawless fish. The lampreys & the hagfish.

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31
Q

What are 3 characteristics of agnathans?

A
  1. no paired fins
  2. no swim bladder
  3. no scales.
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32
Q

What are 3 special things about hagfish?

A
  1. Knot their bodies to create leverage to bite food
  2. Produce massive amounts of mucous
  3. Used for leather products
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33
Q

What are 2 very remarkable characteristics of lamprey fish?

A
  1. No jaw (oral disk instead)

2. Spend 2-7 years as larvae

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34
Q

What is the technical name for fish with jaws?

A

“gnathostomata”

35
Q

Do gnathostomata have fins? how are they arranged?

A

Yes, they are paired, the pectoral and pelvic fins are connected to their respective girdles.

36
Q

What is another word for cartilaginous fish? What are some examples of them?

A

Chondrichthyes.

Sharks, skates, rays.

37
Q

What are the smallest and biggest sharks?

A

Dwarf sharks, whale sharks

38
Q

What is the largest vertebrate group?

A

Bony fish aka osteichthyes.

39
Q

What is an important feature of bony fish?

A

They have a swim bladder.

40
Q

What are the 2 types of bony fish?

A

Ray-finned (fins have spiney ‘rays’ and thin tissue connecting them, not real bones in the fins)

Lobe-finned (fins are thick tissue, real bones, not spiney, closely related to tetrapods)

41
Q

What is a teleost?

A

A type of ray-finned fish that is almost terrestrial, climbs on land on its two front fins. One eye is on top of its head.

42
Q

What is the oldest species of fish? What type of fish does this species belong to?

A

Coleocanth (fish market story). It’s a lobe-finned fish.

43
Q

What is cool about lungfish?

A

They breathe thru gills and primitive lungs, walk on their lobe-fins, and during droughts they let themselves dry up in mud and then after MONTHS they can rehydrate and resume life!

44
Q

What was an important pressure for animal life to move onto land?

A

Lack of dissolved O2 in the water, increased competition for resources.

45
Q

During what period did animal life move onto land?

A

Devonian period (~400 MYA)

46
Q

What implications does the lower density of air than water have for animals?

A

Requires stronger skeletal support & muscles.

Requires more energy, so more O2.

47
Q

How did tetrapods evolve to deal with the increased requirement for oxygen?

A

Evolved a 3+ chambered heart with a double circuit of blood flow (like us)

48
Q

Describe amphibians’ circulatory systems.

A

3-chambered heart.
Double-circuit.
Blood is oxygenated in lungs AND skin
PROBLEM: Blood is still mixed because there’s no division in the middle ventricle.

49
Q

Humans have NEGATIVE pressure breathing. Explain how amphibians breathing is different.

A

Amphibians have positive pressure breathing.

  1. Air is brought into the nostrils/mouth cavity, then…
  2. Nostrils are squeezed shut and air is forced into the lungs.
50
Q

Describe 3 differences between larval amphibians and adult amphibians.

A
  1. Larva have gills whereas adults have lungs.
  2. Larva have a 2-chambered heart whereas adults have a 3-chambered heart.
  3. Larva are herbivores whereas adults are carnivores.
51
Q

What is the scientific name for salamanders? What about frogs/toads?

A

Urodela for salamanders,

Anura for frogs/toads.

52
Q

Describe the caecilian family of amphibians.

A

Look like worms, their evolution has dropped their limbs.

53
Q

Do amphibians have notochords?

A

Only in the larval form.

54
Q

Do segmented worms have notochords?

A

No.

55
Q

What is the special nitrogenous waste that evolved in reptiles?

A

Uric acid.

56
Q

What is the ‘secret weapon’ of reptilian circulatory systems that sort of compensates for the blood mixing in their heart?

A

They can close off access to their lungs and have an accessory circuit kick in which allows them to just continue to circulate the same blood so they can go underwater for “long” periods of time.

57
Q

Do any reptiles have a 4-chambered heart?

A

Yes, only crocodilians, and there’s still a slight mixing.

58
Q

What are the 6 parts of the amniotic egg, aside from the embryo?

A
  1. Shell
  2. Albumen
  3. Chorion
  4. Yolk sac (nutrients)
  5. Amnion (embryo)
  6. Allantois (waste)
59
Q

Why did uric acid as a waste product evolve?

A

Because the waste is kept in the egg for so long, it needs to be non-toxic.

60
Q

What animals excrete ammonia as waste?

A

Ray-finned fish, aquatic inverts, larval amphibians.

It’s very water-soluble and very toxic.

61
Q

What animals excrete urea as waste?

A

Cartilaginous fish, adult amphibians, mammals.

It’s water soluble, not very toxic.

62
Q

What animals excrete uric acid as waste?

A

Insects, reptiles, birds.

It’s not water-soluble, not toxic (perfect for eggs!)

63
Q

How do kidneys work, basically?

A

Filtrate enters kidney, kidney removes all the good stuff to put it back in the blood, the bad stuff is returned to the filtrate and excreted.

64
Q

How many liters of blood is in a human body?

A

5L

65
Q

What volume of blood is filtered by the kidney per day?

A

2000L

66
Q

What volume of urine do we excrete per day?

A

1-2L

67
Q

What does the fact that vampire bats feed on blood imply for their renal system?

A

When they feed, there is a huge increase in body weight. So they immediately begin producing massive amounts of very dilute pee. Within 1h, they’ve excreted 25% of body weight. Also problematic: blood produces highly nitrogenous waste, so bats therefore must have super efficient kidneys.

68
Q

When did reptiles first arise?

A

During the carboniferous period (250MYA)

69
Q

Turtles and tortoises’ shells are made of bone. They are an extension of which bones?

A

Ribs.

70
Q

Which is correct:

“All tortoises are turtles” or “All turtles are tortoises”?

A

All tortoises are turtles!

71
Q

What are the 4 types of reptiles?

A
  1. Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes)
  2. Testudinia (turtles)
  3. Crocodilia
  4. Aves
72
Q

What are the “Lepidosauria”?

A

The largest group of reptiles, containing squamates (lizards & snakes), and tuataras (similar to lizards, only 2 species alive today in NZ, parietal 3rd eye)

73
Q

What is the probable ancestor of birds?

A

A theropod dinosaur

74
Q

What is archaeopteryx, and why is it an important species to remember?

A

It is an ancient/early bird. Not THE first bird, or the bird that gave rise to our birds, but nevertheless an ancient bird that had some birdy traits and some non-birdy traits (teeth & bony tail)

75
Q

Are birds endothermic or ectothermic?

A

Endothermic.

76
Q

How do ectotherms regulate body temp, and give an example of an ectotherm.

A

They absorb external heat, ex. a spider. (ecdysozoans)

77
Q

What is a heterotherm and give an example of one.

A

Their method of temp regulation varies according to circumstances, ex. Bees

78
Q

How do endotherms metabolic rate change with environmental temp changes?

A

Endotherm’s MR decreases in warmer temp because they’re trying to keep their temp stable. (and increases in colder temp)

79
Q

What are the 3 different mechanisms of body temp regulation? Remember there is some overlap.

A
  • Behavioral
  • Physiological
  • Physical
80
Q

Who has a more efficient respiratory system, birds or mammals?

A

Birds, because they require so much oxygen.

81
Q

Describe the way birds breathe. It’s very different from mammals.

A

Birds have tons of air sacs. Their air flows in one direction.

  1. Inhale. Air is drawn into posterior air sacs.
  2. Exhale (old air). Air is drawn into lungs.
  3. Inhale (new air). Air is brought into anterior air sacs.
  4. Exhale air from anterior air sacs.
82
Q

What are the four animals that have evolved flight independently?

A
  1. insects
  2. pterosaurs
  3. birds
  4. bats
83
Q

Did theropod dinosaurs fly?

A

No! They had feathers, but they weren’t for flying, just insulation. So birds (which came from theropod dinos) evolved flight separately from the dinos that flew!!

84
Q

Did flight evolve from the ground up, or from the trees down?

A

Evidence that it evolved from the ground up! Jumping –> flight.

Biol 111 Post-midterm (5 decks)

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