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Biol 111 Post-midterm > Animals > Flashcards

Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Are coral animals or plants?

A

Animals.

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2
Q

What are 2 important characteristics of eukaryotes?

A
  1. They have a true nucleus

2. Their organelles are membrane-bound

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3
Q

What does it mean to be heterotrophic? List some different types of heterotrophs.

A

It means you use pre-formed organic material as energy and carbon source.

  • Predators
  • Herbivores
  • Filter feeders
  • Parasites
  • Detritivores
  • Omnivores…
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4
Q

Obviously internal digestion happens inside the body. What is unique to animals that allows them to perform internal digestion?

A

They have a digestive tract that is continuous with the outside world.

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5
Q

What are 2 advantages of being a multicellular organism?

A
  1. Cells can become specialized to carry out different functions.
  2. Organisms can grow in size.
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6
Q

What is better for growth, to have a high surface area : volume ratio, or to have a low ratio?

A

To have a high ratio (way more surface area than volume)

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7
Q

Without cell walls, how do organisms support their bodies?

A
  1. Hydrostatic skeleton (worms)
  2. Exoskeleton (ecdysozoans/molting animals)
  3. Endoskeleton (vertebrates, some invertebrates)
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8
Q

What is an advantage of an organism having a motile stage?

A

Reducing competition, increasing genetic diversity.

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9
Q

Which cells are diploid when we say “somatic” cells are diploid?

A

Normal cells of the whole body.

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10
Q

What does it mean to have a diplontic life cycle?

A

The diploid phase is dominant (the only time that cells are haploid are the gametes, sperm & egg)

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11
Q

So what are the 7 characteristics that combined make an animal?

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Heterotrophic
  3. Multicellular
  4. No cell walls
  5. Motile at some stage
  6. Diploid somatic cells
  7. Diplontic life cycle.
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12
Q

Approximately how many species of animals have been classified so far?

A

More than 1 million.

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13
Q

Are there more invertebrate or vertebrate animals?

A

97% invertebrates!

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14
Q

During what era did animals evolve?

A

The late precambrian.

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15
Q

What are the closest living relatives to ancestral animals?

A

Colonial choanoflagellate protists (marine)

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16
Q

Don’t forget from the first portion of the course, why was the Cambrian explosion so important, and about what year did it start?

A

Because it was a time of major animal diversification. Around 542 MYA.

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17
Q

Can we say that animals are a monophyletic group, or polyphyletic? Why?

A

They are monophyletic because there is evidence that there is one single common ancestor for animals, even though some characteristics are shared with other groups. (Similar gene sequences, similar extracellular matric molecules that are animal-specific)

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18
Q

What are 2 animal-specific extracellular matrix molecules?

A
  1. Collagen

2. Proteoglycans

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19
Q

What are 3 types of junctions between cells, and describe them.

A
  1. Tight junctions (epithelial tissue, sealing together cells)
  2. Desmosomes (epithelial tissue, cytoskeletons go thru cell walls, connecting the two cells)
  3. Gap junctions (muscle & nerve tissue, looks like two pores directly connected, rapid communication)
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20
Q

What is an important difference between adult and larval sponges?

A

They are motile as larvae for dispersal, but as adults they become sessile.

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21
Q

What are the structures called that give support to sponges?

A

Spicules & elastic fibers

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22
Q

The animal that most closely resembles ancestral animals is a type of sponge. What is it called?

A

Choanoflagellate

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23
Q

How do sponges eat?

A

They are filter feeders. There are choanocytes embedded in the body of the sponge (hollow in the middle) and the choanocytes move their flagella as if they were swimming from the inside out, which creates a current in the water towards the “osculum” out. So water (and food particles) get dragged in through the pores.

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24
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of a sponge made of?

A

Collagen, glycoproteins

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25
Q

What molecules are the spicules of a sponge made of? (think of minerals)

A

CaCO3

SiO2

26
Q

What is the purpose of sponges “spongin” and what is it made of?

A

Made of protein fibers, provides flexible support (this is what’s left when sponges are processed to be used for bathing)

27
Q

What are two ways that sponges reproduce asexually?

A 
By fragmentation,
By budding (cells protrude off the parent and then grow into their own organism)
28
Q

Explain how sponges reproduce sexually. (5 important parts)

A
  1. They are hermaphroditic, so they can produce both sperm and eggs, in the choanocytes or the amoebocytes.
  2. They mass release the sperm into the water.
  3. The sperm is filtered into other sponges
  4. The eggs are fertilized in the extracellular matrix.
  5. Motile larvae are released, then go and settle somewhere and develop.
29
Q

Explain why having a “haploid multicellular stage” is not a characteristic of animals.

A

Because many animals have a haploid UNIcellular stage (the gametes), but when they’re multicellular, they’re also diploid.

30
Q

How many cells does a zygote have?

A

one.

31
Q

What is a zygote called after cell division?

A

Embryo.

32
Q

What are the 2 major processes that occur during embryonic development?

A
  1. Cleavage

2. Gastrulation

33
Q

What is the last step of the “cleavage” phase?

A

The zygote has divided multiple times to become a solid ball of cells called a Morula.

34
Q

What are the 3 stages of gastrulation?

A
  1. The morula turns into a blastula (cells move to the outside)
  2. The blastula turns into an early gastrula (the invagination begins)
  3. It is then a late blastula when the invagination has grown and there are 2 clear layers of tissue.
35
Q

What are the two layers of the gastrula called?

A

Germ layers:

  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
36
Q

What type of tissue does the ectoderm become?

A

Epidermis, nervous system

37
Q

What type of tissue does the endoderm become?

A

lining of digestive and respiratory tracts

38
Q

What is it called when a type of animal only has an endoderm and an ectoderm?

A

Diploblastic.

39
Q

What is it called when an animal has a third germ layer, what is that third layer called, and what tissues does it become?

A

The organism is triploblastic.
It’s between the endo & ectoderms, on the surface of the endoderm, it’s therefore called the mesoderm and it turns into internal organs.

40
Q

What is an “archenteron”?

A

The empty space that leads to formation of the gut cavity.

41
Q

What is the main example of animal that is diploblastic?

A

Cnidaria

42
Q

What is the difference between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry?

A

A radially symmetrical animal has many possible symmetrical axes (most often a round configuration). A bilaterally symmetrical only has the one, down the middle (between the eyes).

43
Q

Give 3 examples of animals that are cnidarians.

A
  1. Jellyfish
  2. Sea anemone
  3. Coral
  4. Hydrozoans
44
Q

Where do cnidarians’ muscle & nervous tissue come from?

A

From the ectoderm.

45
Q

Do the diploblastic cnidarian’s blastopores become a mouth or an anus?

A

A mouth.

46
Q

Discuss the two cnidarian body forms.

A
  1. Polyps which are sessile, reproduce asexually by budding and sending off a medusa.
  2. Medusa which is motile, reproduce sexually with gametes that join to become the zygote which grows and turns into the polyp.
    Often, cnidarians experience both body forms through their life cycle.
47
Q

Explain how Cnidarians catch their prey.

A

There are “cnidocytes” on the tentacles, when prey gets close, a long nematocyst shoots out of the cnidocyte and injects poison in it. The barbs and spines of the cnidocyte prick and stick to the prey, drag it inside the cavity to be digested.

48
Q

What format of nervous system do cnidarians have?

A

Very simple, only for transmitting info from sensory to motor very rapidly. Almost no integration or processing.

49
Q

What is the difference between the hydrozoa and the scyphozoa?

A

Hydrozoa have a dominant polyp phase with alternating during life cycle (think of the hydra in class), whereas the scyphozoa have a dominant medusa phase (think of jellyfish & cassiopeia)

50
Q

What characterizes anthozoa?

A

The polyp phase is dominant, there is no medusa phase (think of coral & sea anemones). Coral live mutualistically with zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates). Sea anemone live mutualistically with anemone fish and shrimp.

51
Q

What is actually happening during coral bleaching?

A

The coral is rejecting the zooxanthellae as a stress response to things like increased water temp, UV radiation, pollution, bacteria.
And then it dies because the zooxanthellae isn’t there to help it anymore.

52
Q

What are 4 important characteristics of PROTOSTOMES?

A
  1. They’re triploblastic
  2. Their blastopore develops into a mouth
  3. They have an anterior brain
  4. They have a VENTRAL nerve cord (think of the worms)
53
Q

What is the common name for platyhelminthes, and what are 3 general characteristics of them?

A

AKA flatworms.

  1. Move by cilia
  2. Scavengers or parasitic
  3. Have a blind gut
54
Q

Describe the body plan of platyhelminthes.

A
  • Flat
  • Most have branched digestive tract
  • Have a head with eyespots & auricles
  • Mouth is in the middle (don’t forget, blind gut)
55
Q

How do platyhelminthes get their O2? How do the ones that don’t have a digestive tract get nutrients?

A

By diffusion (remember how flat they are). There are parasites that live in other animals guts and they get the nutrients by diffusion as well.

56
Q

What is the main result of directed movement?

A

Cephalization and and the development of sensory integration centers.

57
Q

What is another name for the primitive brain in platyhelminthes?

A

The cerebral ganglion.

58
Q

What is a very pretty example of a free-living, planarian flatworm? give a couple of characteristics of them.

A

Turbellaria (neon blue and yellow).
Able to regenerate body like crazy (even a head!)
Reproduces asexually or sexually, hermaphroditic.

59
Q

What is an example of an extoparasitic flatworm?

A

Monogenea, they have suckers and live on fish gills.

60
Q

What are two examples of endoparasitic fluke platyhelminthes? Distinguish them.

A

Trematoda (complex life cycle involving human hosts, feces, snail hosts, and 2 different larvae) - called “Schistosomiasis”

Cestoda (tapeworm) live in guts of vertebrates, with suckers and hooks and grip onto intestines. No mouth or digestive system.

Biol 111 Post-midterm (5 decks)

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