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SOCSCI 12A > DETERMINING TRUTH > Flashcards

DETERMINING TRUTH Flashcards

1
Q

philosophy deals with the concept of

A

truth

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2
Q

knowledge must be truthful to gain ____________

A

validity and acceptance

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3
Q

how to justify

A

• perception
• appeal to authority
• use of reasoning

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4
Q

the Greeks understood knowledge as

A

justified true beliefs

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5
Q

theories of truth

A

CCCCP
• Correspondence
• Coherence
• Constructivist
• Consensus
• Pragmatic

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6
Q

there’s connection

A

Correspondence

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7
Q

Correspondence came from two Latin words

A

• correspondentia - things that go together
• respondere - to answer or to respond

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8
Q

your statement should connect to your actions

A

correspondence

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9
Q

this theory of truth is universal

A

correspondence

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10
Q

hold together logically or forming a unified whole

A

coherence

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11
Q

coherence came from the word

A

cohaerentia
• co - together
• haerentia - adhering/sticking

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12
Q

the theory that is based on perspective

A

coherence

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13
Q

coherence promotes

A

relativism - no absolute truths

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14
Q

always have contexts

A

coherence

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15
Q

you build the truth

A

constructivist

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16
Q

shaped by social forces and influenced by culture and history

A

constructivist

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17
Q

requires interaction and collaboration

A

constructivist

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18
Q

agreement

A

consensus

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19
Q

accepted by the society

A

consensus

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20
Q

from the authority

A

consensus

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21
Q

useful

A

pragmatic

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22
Q

tested to confirm validity

A

pragmatic

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23
Q

something is true or what we believe or say is true

A

correspondence

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24
Q

something is true if it makes sense when placed in a certain situation or context

A

coherence

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25
Q

truth is a matter of social agreements

A

consensus

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26
Q

something is true if it works; should be tested to confirm validity

A

pragmatic

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27
Q

something is true or what we believe or say is true if it corresponds to reality or the way things actually are

A

correspondence

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28
Q

there is a possibility that there will be varied truths depending upon perspectives

A

coherence

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29
Q

determine the theory of truth:

A mammal is any class of warm-blooded higher vertebrates.

A

correspondence

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30
Q

determine the theory of truth:

Muslims have a belief that certain animals like pigs are unclean.

A

coherence

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31
Q

determine the theory of truth:

Decision of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006 to change the planet Pluto’s classification into a “dwarf planet.”

A

consensus

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31
Q

determine the theory of truth:

Marriage. In the Philippines, we only have annulment but we do not have a divorce law. While in other countries, divorce is legal.

A

constructivist

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32
Q

After six diet

A

pragmatic

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33
Q

they are presented in the form of arguments, and these arguments are phrased in a way that they may look or sound reasonable or logical

A

fallacy

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34
Q

mistake in reasoning

A

fallacy

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35
Q

meant to deceive

A

fallacy

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36
Q

Fallacies of language

A

EACDAF
- equivocation
- amphiboly
- composition
- division
- accent
- figures of speech

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37
Q

When a term is used in two or more different senses within a single argument

A

equivocation

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38
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

Jesse Magno was a minister. Pope Francis is a minister. Therefore, Pope Francis is Jesse Magno.

A

equivocation

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39
Q

When there is a defect in the grammatical construction of the sentence; double interpretation due to the structural defect.

A

amphiboly

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40
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

I read a book riding in a bus yesterday,

A

amphiboly

41
Q

When one argues that since each part of the whole has a certain feature, it follows that the whole has that same feature.

A

composition

42
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

specific to general

A

composition

43
Q

argues that since the whole has some feature, each part must also have that feature.

A

division

44
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

general to specific

A

division

45
Q

Each member on the gymnastics team weighs less than 110 lbs. Therefore, the whole gymnastics team weighs less than 110 lbs.

A

composition

46
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

The house costs 1 million dollars. Therefore, each part of the house costs 1 million dollars.

A

division

47
Q

Faulty or undue emphasis (accent or tone) upon certain words or statements

A

accent

48
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

slow men at work

A

accent

49
Q

confusion in both senses of some words

A

figures of speech

50
Q

Wrongly inferring similarity of meaning from similarity of word structure

A

figures of speech

51
Q

determine the fallacy of language:

What is immaterial is not material; and what is insoluble is not soluble; therefore what is inflammable is not flammable.

A

figures of speech

52
Q

Fallacies not of language

A

ACFBCF
- accident
- converse accident
- false dilemma
- begging the question
- complex question
- false cause

53
Q

General rule is taken to be universal and the possibility of an exception is ignored.

A

accident

54
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

Birds can fly. Therefore kiwis can fly.

A

accident

55
Q

The premises are individual cases and the conclusion is a generalization.

A

converse accident

56
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

Ying and Yang got pregnant after marriage and they are happily married. Therefore, it’s good to be pregnant after marriage.

A

converse accident

57
Q

occurs when one assumes the truth of the conclusion in one or more of the premises

A

begging the questions

58
Q

a kind of circular reasoning

A

begging the question

58
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

Allah exists because the Quran says and the Quran is an infallible word of God

A

begging the question

59
Q

We presume two contraries used as contradictories wherein there are only two choices available, when other alternatives do exist

A

false dilemma

60
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

If you really love me, then you will give it to me

A

false dilemma

61
Q

It appears as a single question loaded with two or more hidden distinct questions.

A

complex question

62
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

Have you stooped visiting my wife?

A

complex question

63
Q

even if you answer yes or no, you will still be under an awkward situation

A

complex question

64
Q

Assuming a “cause and effect relationship between unrelated events.

A

false cause

65
Q

determine the fallacy not of language:

I offered a dozen of eggs for the souls in the cemetery, and it rained.

A

false cause

66
Q

Fallacies of Relevance

A

HPVMBI
- Argumentum ad Hominem
- Argumentum ad Populum
- Argumentum ad Verecundiam
- Argumentum ad Misericordiam
- Argumentum ad Baculum
- Argumentum ad Ignorantiam

67
Q

“against the man.”

A

Argumentum ad Hominem

68
Q

instead of responding to (or attacking) the argument a person has made, one attacks the person him or herself

A

Argumentum ad Hominem

69
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

Qualified naman si Mukha Usok. She has three brains. One non-functional brain and… You know where the other two are.

A

Argumentum ad Hominem

70
Q

“appeal to the popular.”

A

Argumentum ad Populom

71
Q

concludes a proposition to be true because many or most people believe it.

A

Argumentum ad Populom

72
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

Everyone drives over the speed limit, so it should not be against the law.

A

Argumentum ad Populom

73
Q

“appeal to authroity”

A

Argumentum ad Verecundiam

74
Q

invoke someone whose expertise is not relevant to the issue for which we are invoking it

A

Argumentum ad Verecundiam

75
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

Isabel Yllana (actress) “Profeed is the best milk for babies.”

A

Argumentum ad Verecundiam

76
Q

“appeal to emotion”

A

Argumentum ad Misericordiam

77
Q

based on sympathy or empathetic instead of just or logical grounds

A

Argumentum ad Misericordiam

78
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

Sarah did not want to eat liver adobo for dinner, but he mother told her to think of all the starving children in the world who do not have food at all

A

Argumentum ad Misericordiam

79
Q

“appeal to fear”

A

Argumentum ad Baculum

80
Q

uses threats to gain one’s belief or “yes”

A

Argumentum ad Baculum

81
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

“You should choose to work overtime at the same rate of pay. After all, you do not want to lose your job, would you?”

A

Argumentum ad Baculum

82
Q

“appeal to ignorance”

A

Argumentum ad Ignorantiam

83
Q

holds that a proposition is true because it has yet to be proven as false or a proposition is false because it has yet to be proven as true.

A

Argumentum ad Ignorantiam

84
Q

determine the fallacy of relevance:

I do not know if extra terrestrials exist, and no one can, tell me otherwise, hence they exist.

A

Argumentum ad Ignorantiam

85
Q

generally establish truths, easily verified, and do not easily change from one situation to another

A

facts

86
Q

can be biased

A

opinions

86
Q

more subjective and may express certain views and beliefs

A

Opinions

87
Q

tendencies or influences which affect the views of people

A

bias

88
Q

pieces of information that are based on empirical evidence, data, or direct observation and can be demonstrated or supported with little or no room for interpretation or subjectivity.

A

facts

89
Q

key characteristics of facts

A

OCE
- objective and verifiable
- consistent
- empirical evidence

90
Q

They represent an individual’s feelings, preferences, or interpretations of a given topic or issue.

A

opinion

91
Q

key characteristics of opinion

A

SON
- subjective
- open to interpretation
- not necessarily supported by objective evidence

92
Q

can influence how information is gathered, interpreted, and presented, leading to a distortion of the truth or a one-sided perspective

A

bias

93
Q

systematic and unfair inclination or prejudice in favor of or against a particular person, group, idea, or thing

A

bias

94
Q

methodology that philosophers use to address philosophical questions

A

critical thinking

95
Q

careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to questions of very general interest

A

critical thinking

96
Q

Philosophical questions have answers, but the answers remain in

A

dispute

97
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith

A

TRUE

98
Q

TRUE OF FALSE:

Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.

A

TRUE

99
Q

Attributes of a critical thinker

A

LALER
- Looks for evidence
- Adjust opinions
- Looks for proofs
- Examines problems
- Rejects irrelevant and incorrect information

SOCSCI 12A (3 decks)

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