DETERMINING TRUTH Flashcards
1
Q
philosophy deals with the concept of
A
truth
2
Q
knowledge must be truthful to gain ____________
A
validity and acceptance
3
Q
how to justify
A
• perception
• appeal to authority
• use of reasoning
4
Q
the Greeks understood knowledge as
A
justified true beliefs
5
Q
theories of truth
A
CCCCP
• Correspondence
• Coherence
• Constructivist
• Consensus
• Pragmatic
6
Q
there’s connection
A
Correspondence
7
Q
Correspondence came from two Latin words
A
• correspondentia - things that go together
• respondere - to answer or to respond
8
Q
your statement should connect to your actions
A
correspondence
9
Q
this theory of truth is universal
A
correspondence
10
Q
hold together logically or forming a unified whole
A
coherence
11
Q
coherence came from the word
A
cohaerentia
• co - together
• haerentia - adhering/sticking
12
Q
the theory that is based on perspective
A
coherence
13
Q
coherence promotes
A
relativism - no absolute truths
14
Q
always have contexts
A
coherence
15
Q
you build the truth
A
constructivist
16
Q
shaped by social forces and influenced by culture and history
A
constructivist
17
Q
requires interaction and collaboration
A
constructivist
18
Q
agreement
A
consensus
19
Q
accepted by the society
A
consensus
20
Q
from the authority
A
consensus
21
Q
useful
A
pragmatic
22
Q
tested to confirm validity
A
pragmatic
23
Q
something is true or what we believe or say is true
A
correspondence
24
Q
something is true if it makes sense when placed in a certain situation or context
A
coherence
25
truth is a matter of social agreements
consensus
26
something is true if it works; should be tested to confirm validity
pragmatic
27
something is true or what we believe or say is true if it corresponds to reality or the way things actually are
correspondence
28
there is a possibility that there will be varied truths depending upon perspectives
coherence
29
determine the theory of truth:
A mammal is any class of warm-blooded higher vertebrates.
correspondence
30
determine the theory of truth:
Muslims have a belief that certain animals like pigs are unclean.
coherence
31
determine the theory of truth:
Decision of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006 to change the planet Pluto’s classification into a “dwarf planet.”
consensus
31
determine the theory of truth:
Marriage. In the Philippines, we only have annulment but we do not have a divorce law. While in other countries, divorce is legal.
constructivist
32
After six diet
pragmatic
33
they are presented in the form of arguments, and these arguments are phrased in a way that they may look or sound reasonable or logical
fallacy
34
mistake in reasoning
fallacy
35
meant to deceive
fallacy
36
Fallacies of language
EACDAF
- equivocation
- amphiboly
- composition
- division
- accent
- figures of speech
37
When a term is used in two or more different senses within a single argument
equivocation
38
determine the fallacy of language:
Jesse Magno was a minister. Pope Francis is a minister. Therefore, Pope Francis is Jesse Magno.
equivocation
39
When there is a defect in the grammatical construction of the sentence; double interpretation due to the structural defect.
amphiboly
40
determine the fallacy of language:
I read a book riding in a bus yesterday,
amphiboly
41
When one argues that since each part of the whole has a certain feature, it follows that the whole has that same feature.
composition
42
determine the fallacy of language:
specific to general
composition
43
argues that since the whole has some feature, each part must also have that feature.
division
44
determine the fallacy of language:
general to specific
division
45
Each member on the gymnastics team weighs less than 110 lbs. Therefore, the whole gymnastics team weighs less than 110 lbs.
composition
46
determine the fallacy of language:
The house costs 1 million dollars. Therefore, each part of the house costs 1 million dollars.
division
47
Faulty or undue emphasis (accent or tone) upon certain words or statements
accent
48
determine the fallacy of language:
slow men at work
accent
49
confusion in both senses of some words
figures of speech
50
Wrongly inferring similarity of meaning from similarity of word structure
figures of speech
51
determine the fallacy of language:
What is immaterial is not material; and what is insoluble is not soluble; therefore what is inflammable is not flammable.
figures of speech
52
Fallacies not of language
ACFBCF
- accident
- converse accident
- false dilemma
- begging the question
- complex question
- false cause
53
General rule is taken to be universal and the possibility of an exception is ignored.
accident
54
determine the fallacy not of language:
Birds can fly. Therefore kiwis can fly.
accident
55
The premises are individual cases and the conclusion is a generalization.
converse accident
56
determine the fallacy not of language:
Ying and Yang got pregnant after marriage and they are happily married. Therefore, it’s good to be pregnant after marriage.
converse accident
57
occurs when one assumes the truth of the conclusion in one or more of the premises
begging the questions
58
a kind of circular reasoning
begging the question
58
determine the fallacy not of language:
Allah exists because the Quran says and the Quran is an infallible word of God
begging the question
59
We presume two contraries used as contradictories wherein there are only two choices available, when other alternatives do exist
false dilemma
60
determine the fallacy not of language:
If you really love me, then you will give it to me
false dilemma
61
It appears as a single question loaded with two or more hidden distinct questions.
complex question
62
determine the fallacy not of language:
Have you stooped visiting my wife?
complex question
63
even if you answer yes or no, you will still be under an awkward situation
complex question
64
Assuming a “cause and effect relationship between unrelated events.
false cause
65
determine the fallacy not of language:
I offered a dozen of eggs for the souls in the cemetery, and it rained.
false cause
66
Fallacies of Relevance
HPVMBI
- Argumentum ad Hominem
- Argumentum ad Populum
- Argumentum ad Verecundiam
- Argumentum ad Misericordiam
- Argumentum ad Baculum
- Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
67
“against the man.”
Argumentum ad Hominem
68
instead of responding to (or attacking) the argument a person has made, one attacks the person him or herself
Argumentum ad Hominem
69
determine the fallacy of relevance:
Qualified naman si Mukha Usok. She has three brains. One non-functional brain and… You know where the other two are.
Argumentum ad Hominem
70
“appeal to the popular.”
Argumentum ad Populom
71
concludes a proposition to be true because many or most people believe it.
Argumentum ad Populom
72
determine the fallacy of relevance:
Everyone drives over the speed limit, so it should not be against the law.
Argumentum ad Populom
73
“appeal to authroity”
Argumentum ad Verecundiam
74
invoke someone whose expertise is not relevant to the issue for which we are invoking it
Argumentum ad Verecundiam
75
determine the fallacy of relevance:
Isabel Yllana (actress) “Profeed is the best milk for babies.”
Argumentum ad Verecundiam
76
“appeal to emotion”
Argumentum ad Misericordiam
77
based on sympathy or empathetic instead of just or logical grounds
Argumentum ad Misericordiam
78
determine the fallacy of relevance:
Sarah did not want to eat liver adobo for dinner, but he mother told her to think of all the starving children in the world who do not have food at all
Argumentum ad Misericordiam
79
“appeal to fear”
Argumentum ad Baculum
80
uses threats to gain one’s belief or “yes”
Argumentum ad Baculum
81
determine the fallacy of relevance:
“You should choose to work overtime at the same rate of pay. After all, you do not want to lose your job, would you?”
Argumentum ad Baculum
82
“appeal to ignorance”
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
83
holds that a proposition is true because it has yet to be proven as false or a proposition is false because it has yet to be proven as true.
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
84
determine the fallacy of relevance:
I do not know if extra terrestrials exist, and no one can, tell me otherwise, hence they exist.
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
85
generally establish truths, easily verified, and do not easily change from one situation to another
facts
86
can be biased
opinions
86
more subjective and may express certain views and beliefs
Opinions
87
tendencies or influences which affect the views of people
bias
88
pieces of information that are based on empirical evidence, data, or direct observation and can be demonstrated or supported with little or no room for interpretation or subjectivity.
facts
89
key characteristics of facts
OCE
- objective and verifiable
- consistent
- empirical evidence
90
They represent an individual's feelings, preferences, or interpretations of a given topic or issue.
opinion
91
key characteristics of opinion
SON
- subjective
- open to interpretation
- not necessarily supported by objective evidence
92
can influence how information is gathered, interpreted, and presented, leading to a distortion of the truth or a one-sided perspective
bias
93
systematic and unfair inclination or prejudice in favor of or against a particular person, group, idea, or thing
bias
94
methodology that philosophers use to address philosophical questions
critical thinking
95
careful, reflective, rational and systematic approach to questions of very general interest
critical thinking
96
Philosophical questions have answers, but the answers remain in
dispute
97
TRUE OR FALSE:
Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith
TRUE
98
TRUE OF FALSE:
Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.
TRUE
99
Attributes of a critical thinker
LALER
- Looks for evidence
- Adjust opinions
- Looks for proofs
- Examines problems
- Rejects irrelevant and incorrect information
