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Bio 140 > Determination Of Sex > Flashcards

Determination Of Sex Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

These are the chromosomes involved in the determination of sex

A

Sex chromosomes

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2
Q

What are autosomes?

A

All other chromosomes which are not involved in sex determination

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3
Q

In man 2n=46, how many are autosomes and sex chromosomes?

A

44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

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4
Q

In drosophila, 2n=8 how many are autosomes and sex chromosomes?

A

6 are autosomes and 2 are sex chromosomes

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5
Q

Is colorblindness an x-linked recessive trait?

A

Yes

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6
Q

In drosophila, are the chromosomes labeled with roman numerals?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are the different methods of sex determination?

A

Haploidiploidy, chromosomal methods of sex determination (XX-XO system, ZZ-ZW system, XX-XY system), genic balance in drosophila, environmental sex determination

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8
Q

Give an example of an organism that uses haplodiploidy as their method for sex determination

A

Bees

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9
Q

(Haplodiploidy) In bees, what is the sex if the egg is fertilized and forms a 2n individual?

A

Female (workers)

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10
Q

(Haplodiploidy ) If eggs are unfertilized in bees (parthenogenesis) and forms a 1n individual what is the sex?

A

Male (drone)

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11
Q

What method of sex determination do grasshoppers use?

A

XX-XO system

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12
Q

(XX-XO System) If the grasshopper has a sex of XX

A

Female

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13
Q

(XX-XO System) If the grasshopper has a sex of XO

A

Male

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14
Q

(XX-XO System) what does O stand for?

A

Non-x bearing

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15
Q

What system is utilized in birds for sex determination?

A

ZZ-ZW system

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16
Q

If the sex chromosomes are identical ZZ or homogametic it is

A

Male

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17
Q

If the sex chromosomes are not identical ZW or heterogametic it is

A

Females

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18
Q

For humans, when the sex if homogametic it is

A

Female

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19
Q

For humans, when the sex if heterogametic it is

A

Male

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20
Q

What determines the maleness in man?

A

Y chromosome

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21
Q

What is bipotentiality of sexes?

A

This is a phenomena during the indifferent stage where the gonads are neither testes or ovary, thus having the possibility to arise to either or even both

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22
Q

During the indifferent period are the presence of indifferent gonads, thus the presence of ________

A

2 ducts

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23
Q

What is the duct for females?

A

Mullerian or paramesonefric

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24
Q

What is the duct for males?

A

Wolfian or mesonefric duct

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25
Q

What occurs if something goes wrong in the differentiation of the gonads?

A

Hermaphroditism

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26
Q

This encodes a transcription factor that controls the expression of genes

A

SRY (sex-determining region Y) gene or formerly known as testes-determining factor (TDF)

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27
Q

The ______ gene is y-linked because it is only found in the y chromosome

A

SRY gene

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28
Q

How does the SRY gene stimulate male development?

A

It sends signals to indifferent gonads

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29
Q

The ______ in testis secrete the _____ which destroys the mullerian duct

A

Sertoli cells; anti-mullerian hormone/mullerian regression factor

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30
Q

________ in testis secrete testosterone which stimulates the development of male structures

A

Interstitial cells

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31
Q

Some testosterone are converted into ______ which causes _________

A

DHT (dihydrotestosterone); masculinization of external genitalia

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32
Q

What happens in females during sex differentiation?

A

The medulla regresses and the cortex progresses

33
Q

What is secreted by the leydig cells that functions for muscularization of the male genitalia?

A

5a dihydrotestosterone

34
Q

This is a genetic disorder where the individual is XY but has female features, because the XY fetuses becomes impassive to androgen

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

35
Q

What does undescended testis mean?

A

Because the scrotum is a thermoregulator, when the testis is undescended it is found in the abdomen where the temperature is not ideal for spermatogenesis. Normally, it should descend because the torso has higher temperature

36
Q

What phenomena did Dr. Julianne Imperato investigate in the Dominican Republic where children appearing to be girls turned into men at puberty?

A

Male pseudohermaphroditism

37
Q

This means penis at 12 years

A

Guevadoces

38
Q

What is the cause of the phenomena in the Dominican Republic?

A

Deficiency of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase which converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone and inbreeding in which the gene can be traced back to 1 female

39
Q

What is the barr body?

A

It is present in dosage compensation and it is the condensed inactive member of a pair of chromosomes in the cell. While the other x is not condensed and is active in transcription

40
Q

What is the purpose of dosage compensation?

A

This balances the dose of x chromosome gene expression in females and males

41
Q

Who discovered the barr body?

A

Dr. Murray Barr and Mary Lyon

42
Q

A female is barr ______

A

Positive

43
Q

A male is barr ______

A

Negative

44
Q

how is the number of barr bodies computed?

A

no. of x chromosome - 1 you know I love unity you should know don’t mean

45
Q

This states that the x inactivation occurs randomly in embryonic cells

A

The lyon hypothesis

46
Q

What specific region shuts off much of the chromosome?

A

X-inactivation center (Xic)

47
Q

This a gene that encodes an RNA that does not encode a protein, instead it coats the inactive x chromosome and promotes chromosomal compaction into a barr body

A

XIST (x-inactive specific transcript) gene

48
Q

What happens once an x chromosome is inactivated 1 cell?

A

All its daughter cells will have the same x chromosome inactivated

49
Q

Why is the calico color only found in female cats?

A

This is because it is a heterozygous trait that needs 2 Xs

50
Q

Male cats are ______

A

Hemizygous

51
Q

What do you call when sex is determined by balance between number of x chromosomes and number of sets of autosomes

A

Genic balance

52
Q

Who discovered sex determination in drosophila?

A

Dr. Calvin blackman bridges

53
Q

Is known for the fly room and morgan unit

A

Thomas hunt morgan

54
Q

If X/A ratio=1, what is the sex?

A

Female

55
Q

If X/A ratio=0.5, what is the sex?

A

Male

56
Q

If X/A ratio is between 0.5 and 1, what is the sex?

A

Intersex

57
Q

If X/A ratio is greater than 1, what is the sex?

A

Metafemale

58
Q

If X/A ratio is lesser than 0.5, what is the sex?

A

Metamale

59
Q

How many autosomes are grouped in A in drosophila?

A

3

60
Q

What is the master switch gene for sex determination in drosophila melanogaster?

A

Sex-lethal (Sxl) gene

61
Q

In xx animals, sxl becomes inactivated and imposes__________

A

Female development

62
Q

In xy animals, sxl remains inactive and ________ ensues

A

Male development

63
Q

When in homozygous recessive form, transforms females into sterile males.

A

Transformer (tra) gene on autosome 3

64
Q

Transforms normal males and females into flies with intersex phenotypes

A

Double sex ( dsx) gene, recessive autosomal

65
Q

AA XX tra tra

A

Males

66
Q

AA XY tra tra

A

Male

67
Q

AA XX Tra tra

A

Female

68
Q

AAXX dsx dsx

A

intersex

69
Q

AA XY dsx dsx

A

Intersex

70
Q

AA XY Dsx dsx

A

Male

71
Q

4 examples of environmental sex determination

A

Temperature dependent sex determination, location-dependent sex determination in Bonellia, equisetum, cucurbita pepo

72
Q

Low temp 100% males, high temp 100% females for scripta, low and high temp 100% females and intermediate temp males for Macroclemys temmickii, and low temp 100% females and high temp 100% males for alligator mississippiensis

A

Temperature dependent sex determination

73
Q

If bonellia larva settles on the floor, what is the sex?

A

Female

74
Q

If bonellia larva settles on a female’s proboscis, and enters the mouth, migrates to the uterus, what happens?

A

It differentiates into a male

75
Q

In equisetum, if grown under favorable conditions, what does it form?

A

Female

76
Q

In equisetum, if grown under poor conditions, what does it form?

A

Male

77
Q

In cucurbita pepo, during high temp and long days, what flowers are produced?

A

Male

78
Q

In cucurbita pepo, during low temp and short days, what flowers are produced?

A

Female

Bio 140 (5 decks)

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