Determination of Density, Specific Gravity, Viscosity of Liquid Fuels

Question 1

is a combustible or energy generating molecules that can produce
Kinetic Energy and contrasted with Solid fuels and Gaseous fuels.

Answer 1

LIQUID FUEL

Question 2

Types of liquid fuels

Answer 2

Gasoline, Diesel, Kerosene, Compressed natural gas, Liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG).

Question 3

is most
suitable method for determining the density or relative density (specific gravity) of
mobile transparent liquids. It can be also be used by viscous oils by allowing sufficient
time for the hydrometer to reach equilibrium or for opaque oils by employing a suitable
meniscus correction.

Answer 3

Hydrometer method

Question 4

is an instrument used to

measure the viscosity of a fluid.

Answer 4

viscometer

Question 5

is used For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow

conditions,

Answer 5

Rheometer

Question 6

Viscometers only measure under one flow

condition Density determination by ____ is a precise method.

Answer 6

Pycnometer

Question 7

is a piece of laboratory equipment used to measure
the volume of a liquid,the inside diameter of the cylinder shall be at least 25mm greater
than the outside diameter of the hydrometer and the height shall be such that the
appropriate hydrometer floats in the test portion with at least 25mm clearance between
the bottom if the hydrometer and the bottom of the cylinder.

Answer 7

Graduated cylinder(500mL):

Question 8

is a flask with a stopper
that has a capillary tube through it, which allows air bubbles to escape. The pycnometer
is used to obtain accurate measurements of density.

Answer 8

Pycnometer(50mL)

Question 9

is an instrument used to measure the
specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid
to the density of water.

Answer 9

Hydrometer

Question 10

Used for determining the weight or mass of a sample.

Answer 10

Scientific Balance

Question 11

are those combustible or energy generating molecules that can be harnessed to create
mechenical energy, usually producing kinetic energy.

Answer 11

Liquid fuels

Question 12

PROPERTIES OF LIQUID FUELS

Answer 12

 Density, Viscosity, Flash point, Pour point, Specific gravity, Sulphur content, Carbon residue

Question 13

 Ratio of the fuel’s mass to its volume at 15 oC, • kg/m3

 Useful for determining fuel quantity and quality

Answer 13

Density

Question 14

 Measure of fuel’s internal resistance to flow
 Most important characteristic for storage and use
 Decreases as temperature increases

Answer 14

Viscosity

Question 15

 Lowest temperature at which a fuel can be heated so that the vapour gives off
flashes when an open flame is passes over it
 Flash point of furnace oil: 66oC

Answer 15

Flash point

Question 16

 Lowest temperature at which fuel will flow
 Indication of temperature at which fuel can be pumped  Calorific value
 Heat or energy produced
 Gross calorific value (GCV): vapour is fully condensed
 Net calorific value (NCV): water is not fully condensed

Answer 16

Pour point

Question 17

 Ratio of weight of oil volume to weight of same water volume at a given
temperature • Specific gravity of water is 1
 Hydrometer used to measure

Answer 17

Specific gravity

Question 18

 Depends on source of crude oil and less on the refining process
 Furnace oil: 2-4 % sulphur
 Sulphuric acid causes corrosion  Ash content
 Inorganic material in fuel
 Typically 0.03 - 0.07%
 Corrosion of burner tips and damage to materials /equipments at high
temperatures

Answer 18

Sulphur content

Question 19

 Tendency of oil to deposit a carbonaceous solid residue on a hot surface
 Residual oil: >1% carbon residue  Water content
 Normally low in furnace oil supplied

Answer 19

Carbon residue

Question 20

 The single largest source of liquid fuel is petroleum.
 Petroleum (petra=rock;olium=oil) is also known as rock oil or mineral oil.
 Crude oil (petroleum) is a viscous liquid containing hydrocarbons , petroleum
also contains small amounts of non-hydrocarbons mineral impurities that we
extract from underground deposits at a depth of 500-1500 ft at various places.
 It is mainly composed of various hydrocarbons (like straight chain paraffins,
cycloparaffins or napthenes, olefins, and aromatics) together with small amount
of organic compounds containing oxygen nitrogen and sulphur

Answer 20

PETROLEUM

Question 21

 Carbon: 83-87%
 Hydrogen: 11-14%
 Nitrogen: 0-0.5%
 Sulfur: 0-6%
 Oxygen: 0-3.5%
 Plus oxygenated compounds like phenols, fatty acids, ketones and metallic
elements like vanadium and nickel.

Answer 21

COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL CRUDE OIL

Question 22

This type of petroleum is mainly
composed of the saturated hydrocarbons from CH4 to C35H72 and a little of the
napthenes and aromatics. The hydrocarbons from C18H38 to C35H72 are
sometimes called Waxes.

Answer 22

Paraffinic Base Type Crude Petroleum

Question 23

It contains mainly cycloparaffins or

napthenes with smaller amount of parffins and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Answer 23

Asphalitc Base Type Crude Petroleum

Question 24

Mixed Base Type Crude Petroleum

Answer 24

It contains both paraffinic and asphaltic

hydrocarbons and are generally rich in semi-solid waxes.

Question 25

contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen.

Answer 25

Oil shales