Determinants, Equity, and Interventions Flashcards
Define primary prevention
Preventing the problem from arising.
Define secondary prevention
Reducing the impact of the problem that has already occurred.
Define tertiary prevention
Prevent further complications/improve QoL after the problem is already established.
Define equality
The same treatment for everyone.
Define equity
Giving people the treatment they need to succeed.
What are the types of equity and what do they mean?
Horizontal: equal treatment for equal needs.
Vertical: unequal treatment for unequal needs.
What are the 3 domains of public health practice, and what do they mean?
Health improvement (interventions)
Health protection (controlling risks to public health such as diseases.)
Improving services.
Aside from primary, secondary, and tertiary, what are 2 other ways of approaching interventions?
Population approach, making a small effect in many.
High risk approach, screen and treat those with higher risk.
What are the Wilson and Jungner criteria? (9 in 3 categories.)
Condition: known natural history, causes a significant health issue, has an identifiable latent/preclinical phase that can be picked up.
Organisation: has the appropriate facilities, equipment and staff, the benefits outweigh the costs, should be an ongoing process of evolution in the programme.
Screening test: acceptable to the patient, Tx is available with a defined cut off of who to treat, a suitable test exists.
What are some disadvantages of screening?
May expose patients to potentially harmful screening.
Diseases picked up may be subclinical and never have bothered the patient otherwise.
Define sensitivity
Proportion of people with the disease who are correctly identified by the test.
Define specificity
Proportion of people without the disease that are correctly excluded.
Define positive predictive value
Proportion of people with a positive test that actually have the disease.
Define negative predictive value
Proportion of people with a negative test that don’t have the disease.
How to calculate sensitivity
Positive test results/everyone with the disease
