DETENTE Flashcards
defintion
process of easing tensions between superpowers ( in regards to nuclear powers)
involved?
Richard Nixon
Salt
Leonid Brezhnev
origins
- started with Kruschchev and Eisenhower/Kennedy
- cuban missile crisis as direct catalyst for detente; supoerwpoers afraid of nuclear powers and massive retaliation
mutual assured destruction
allowed for periodict meetings between superpowers called ‘summits’ to discuss global issues of mutual concern
-first summed held in Geneva 1955
Truman ideology
believe nuclear weapons should be political descision
- communication key to avoid warfar
- conflict with General Mac Arthur in use of nuclear weapons (political not military descision)
- SOVIETS adopt similar policy
Eisenhower ideology
Sees nuclear weapons as an instrument of politcy and war; military strategy important
- plans for total war (joint chief of staff); sees that its a lot of cost
- soviets also need to lower their military expenditure
Kennedy Ideology
- accepts policy of nuclear warfare and high costs and staibity
- kruschnev has his ‘peaceful coedistence’policy
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
- 1963
- US and USSR create stop underwated, space and atmosphere nuclear bomb testing
issue; other powers also deveoping nuclear powers who arent party of the treaty
Non Proliferation Treaty
- 1968
- keep nuclear techonology among those who have it and dont share it
- US, USSR and UK sign
Nuclear Agreements and Helinski Accrods
negotaitons between supoerwpoers about spread and limitations of nuclear weapons in countries that counted as nuclear powers
Brezhnev
- established regime in USSR; realist
- 1967; accepts Johnsons Agreements to being bilateral talks regarding arms limitations (hindered by Czech Invasion)
SALT
Strategic Arms Limitations Talks
1969; Nixon takes offer and formal negotations begin
SALT 1
- 1972
- US and USSR agree to freeze the number of ballistic missile launchers
- only use of new submarine launched missiles allowed (old ones removed)
- Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty; signed and limtiations set on ABMS that can defend area for nuclear attack
SALT 2
- 1972-79
- negotiations to reduce amount of nuclear heads on each side to 2250
+ ban new weapons programmes
-honoured untill 1983 when Reagan accused Soviet Violation of treaty and he began the SDI Programme to shield from nuclear attack
START
1982
- Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
- more limits on # of nuclear warheads and weapons-
- USSR at disavtange as US has more ICBMS
- 1991 treaty; limits fighet planes
- new treaties had to be made when USSR collapsed however
Helinksi Treaty
1973; attented by 33 countries
- human rights
- conference on securty and cooperation in europe
FINAL ACT: cooperation in science, tech, environment, human rights
TRADE REFORM ACT: denied credit to any ‘non market’ economy that imposed emmigrant taxes to allow soviet jews to emmigrate
Israel
- USSR supports Egypt and speaks out against Israel
- Has a more devveloepd economy due to US aid
- hostile to Egypt
Egypt
- USSR is main arm supower power
- need to dissengage for peace
- Anwar Sadart dismisses the USSR;s help to develop country as there is a NO TOLERANCE POLICY OF EXTERNAL POWER AID
Middle east conclusions
Brezhnev and Nixon sign the 1979 Peace Agrreement
USSR reasons for detente
- economy failing
- wanted to develop own country and standard of living
- deteriortating realtionship with China; USSR wants to keep China isolated from west by having better relations with west
US reasons for detente
- Wanted to take into account a more realistic policy after Vietnam war (REALPOLITIK)
- Nion wants to put pressure on NV to end war using detente
- economy struggling cause of arms production
successes of detnte
Salt I Stratetic Arms Limitations Treaty 1972: - ABM treaty -INTERIM treaty -Basic Principles agreement
Salt II
- arms reductiosn
Interim Treaty
- basic limit on number of basllisic missiles and sumbarine missiles
Basic principles Treaty
- laied out basic rules of conduct for nuclear war and evelopment of weapons
- both sides had to work together for apeaceful coexistence
Stephen Ambrose
- critizes treaty for not going far enough in limiting nuclear weapons
- says that the ommision made by this treating of MIRVS vehicles made the treaty irrelevant
agreements between E/W germany and USSR
Moscow Treaty
Final Quadriparite Protocol
Basic Treaty
Basic Treaty
1972
- signed by east and west germany
- officially acceptex existence of the two germanys ( OSPOLITIK IMPROVEMENT)
- reduced tension in Europe
Moscow Treaty
- Recognition of border between E and W Germany and wwii border of east with poland
-signed by USSR, Poland and Federal Republic of Germany
1970
Final Quadriparitete Protocol
- 1972
- victory for wily brandt; maintnence of status quo in berlin
- confirms that west ahs legal basis for access routes to city
agreements between US and China
- Us dropped objections to China taking seat on Securty Council
- Trade and travel restirctiosn lifted
- sporting events started taking place
- nixon visited china
- done as a strategic advantage for US to have over USSR
why did detente go under pressure?
- USSR involvement in Angola Civil War
- Soviets and Cubans involved in Ethiopia War against Sopalia
- Jimmy Carter tried to link economic deals with improved human rights 1976; allow SOviet Jews to emigrate
- people in US felt that arms agreement benefited soviets and that USSR was expanding its influence in middle east and africa
why did detente collapse?
- Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979
= Carter refuses to sign SALT II and breaks off relations with soviets (e.g trade and olympic games)
= carter announces Carter Doctrine
