1989 revolutions

Question 1

what where they?

Answer 1

• END OF COMMUNISM IN EASTERN EUROPE
• inspired by Gorbacev Rehab of disstenres and Glasnot
• also soviet withdraw of warsaw internal affairs

Question 2

Hungary

Answer 2

• worsening economic conditions, general dissastictions, hopes for better economy; Kadar wants to engage in trade with western europe
• Janos Kadar resigns as secretary and loans 1 billion deutschmark from West Germany; makes PM due to economic reforms
• Kadar removes physiacl barres of Hungary-Austria border; announces that citizens of Warsaw Pact can travel threely through hungary
• introduces DEMOCRAZY package; basic freedom, multi-party system, voting and ciil rights

1989; soviest withdraw military from hungary
1991; first free electiosn held

Question 3

Poland

Answer 3

• anti governemnt liberaiton movement crushed in 1983
• Gorbachev gains powers; encourages solidarity (perestoika and glasnot) to reconstitute itself; no fear of soviets regardless of polish government
• continued eocnomic problems, high food prices= strikes and protests
• solidarty wants to work with government; bring reforms/changes to existing system
• results in 1989; government and solidarty talk in warsaw and have reforms; 1. legalization of non-gvoernmental trade unions, 2. creation of president, 3. formation of senta

= POLAND MULTI-PARTY SYSTEM

Question 4

Germany

Answer 4

• end of berlin wall + german reunification brought on my masses protest

E Germany; mos loyal state to communists but see western benefits in tv; have stasi secret police, communist hardliners; OSTPOLIKES BRINGS BENEFITS

1984; E and W Germany reach agreement for cultural change and removal of miles/ recognize each other; Erich Honecker (E.Germany); ignored dissenters and perestioke

1989; Hungarians remove border; E Germanys travel to West easily (emmigraiton); Bulgaria suffers under refugeses and blames E. Germany
- East Germany publicy embarassed; promote saferefurn of E Germanys but are beaten by police
= RESULTS IN DISSENT AND PROTEST IN EAST GERMANY; Honecker remains stubborn but pressued into resignation by other party members
-Honeck replaced by Krenz; tries to implement more democratic policies but strikes and protests continue

• REPONSE: berlin wall falls, relaxed travel laws implemented, politburo resigns, E Germans pour into W Germany
• Consitution changed, communist party eleminated under Krenze and reunification of Germany

Question 5

Czechoslovakia

Answer 5

“Velvet Revolution 1989”
- HAVEL and 13 others arrested for protesting; creates more oppoistion
- Czecho; decrease in economy and bad living conditiosn compared to west + east germany reufgees; encourage student revolt
= Demonstratiosn leads ot policy attack students; president resigns under pressure
- Havel introduces civil forum; coalistion governments; havel made president of multiparty syste

Question 6

conclusions; 1989 revolutions

Answer 6

• ‘domino theory’; fall of communism spread through europe
• international media and communication motivated it; east sees west benefits
• Gorbachev ‘sinatra’ doctrine; rejection of brezhnev doctrine
• time for change; young and reform minded members (old communist members dying)
• protests limited use of force to bring change
• bad economic, enbironmental and social conditiosn sparked revolutions