Details in studies Flashcards
A strength about Gunderson’s theory
There were findings from two different methods- experiment and observation-
What theory did Carol Dweck study?
Mindset theory
A weakness about the Peterson’s theory
it is not how we would typically use our memory on a daily basis, meaning it lacks mundane realism (a realistic, everyday task)
Conclusion of Piaget and Inhelder’s theory
Children up to 7 years old were egocentric and towards the pre-operational stage, the children were more understanding of other people’s point of views
What is a strength in Dweck’s theory
Dweck’s theory has practical applications and it focuses on praising effort rather than ability
Strength about Bartlett’s theory
He replicated his procedure using various stories and found participants had the same tendency to transform the material when remembering
Strength in Piaget and Inhelder theory
they provided a great deal of details and gave qualitative data that was rich in depth
Weakness in piaget and inhelder’s theory
there was a period of transition bettwen stages when performances of a task tended to be inconsistent
what was Frederic Bartlett trying to prove
Memories are not stored as in a computer, our memories are notes about what we experience
What did frederic bartlett’s theory consist of
theory of reconstructive memory
A weakness in Willingham’s theory
The theory does not emphasize the importance of individual differences for learning
What is Piaget trying to prove?
A young child in the pre-operational stage sees the world from their own point of view and no one else’s
what theory did Willingham study?
learning theory
What is a weakness in Dweck’s theory
Studying the mindset of a child may result in the child becoming the focus
What did Atkinson and Shriffin discover
the sensory memory, the short-term memory and the long term-memory
what does the learning theory consist of?
practice and effort enable us to master knowledge and skill
A strength about the Multi-store Model theory
it is clear and structured framework to understand memory
A weakness of bartlett’s theory
he allowed each participant to read the story at their own pace so this study can be criticized or lacking good controls
A weakness of Gunderson’s theory
the parents may have changed their style of praise within 5 years, meaning it lacks validity
What did Peterson and peterson try to prove
Showing the true duration of short-term memory
A strength of Willingham’s theory
Willingham’s work can be applied to education and other situations to promote a child’s development
what is a growth mindset
believing practice and effort can improve your abilities
Conclusion about the bartlett’s experiment
Participants did not recall the story fully or accurately
conclusion about gunderson’s theory
Boys received more process praise than girls, so there are gender differences in the way they are praised
a weakness about Multi-store Model theory
the study overstates the role of rehearsal as a means of transferring information into long-term storage
Strength about frederic Barlett’s theory
bartlett’s theory has real practical application and helps us understand why memory can be disorted
Strength about the peterson’s theory
The study can be replicated and the reliability of the findings can be checked
What does Piaget and Inhelder theory consist of
The extent to which children of different ages are able to take the view of another person
What did Atkinson and Shriffin theory consist of
Multi-store Model of memory
What experiment did Gunderson et al. do?
They studied a group of children over 5 years and later the children’s ideas were related to the type of praise they received
Conclusion of Peterson and peterson’s theory
The petersons concluded that our short-term memory faded rapidly and only 10% could be recalled after 18 seconds
What did Peterson and Peterson’s theory consist of?
Investigating the duration of short-term memory
What is a fixed mindset
Believing your abilities are fixed and unchangeable
What experiment did Bartlett do?
Participants had to read “The War of Ghosts” twice and were later asked to recall it
what experiment did Piaget do?
They set up a model of a group of mountains where children would have different viewpoints of the mountains
What experiment did Peterson and Peterson do?
24 students were each told to recall a trigram 8 times
What does Bartlett’s theory consist of?
The purpose was to test the nature of reconstructive memory, using an unfamiliar story
What did the mindset theory consist of?
It is better to praise children for effort because they believe they can achieve something and carry on trying
A weakness of Frederic Bartlett’s theory
Some say that Bartlett’s interpretation may differ from someone else’s, this means his findings are subjective and unscientific
What does the Multi-store model of memory suggest
it suggests that repeating information over and over helps to hold it in short-term memory for longer
What does the theory of Gunderson et al. consist of?
Shows that children are affected by different types of parental praise given in a natural situation
What does caspi et al. theory consist of?
Whether a gene linked to a neurotransmitter serotonin (brain chemical) makes some people more likely depressed
What does Caspi try to understand
why stressful life events seem to lead to depression in some and not others
what experiment did caspi do?
847 people were divided in 3 different groups based on their genes, they completed a questionnaire based on their life events between 21 and 26 years old
Conclusion of caspi’s theory
The evidence shows that there is an interaction between life events and genetic influences in causing depression
A strength in caspi’s theory
847 people is a big sample, meaning it should be easier to generalize the results
a weakness in caspi’s theory
people are likely to put themselves in stressful situations, meaning the gene and life events may not be causing the depression
What does Young’s study consist in?
It consists in knowing whether it would be possible to apply CBT as a treatment for internet addiction
What experiment did Young do?
114 people were chosen from the Center for online addiction and each had a course of online CBT sessions
Conclusion of Young’s study
This study suggests that CBT can be an effective treatment for internet addiction
A strength of Young’s study
Online CBT sessions might be useful for treating this internet addiction
A weakness of Young’s study
The questionnaires filled by the participants may not be accurate because people might lie if they know they are supposed to get better
What does Damasio et al. study consist of?
Damasio wanted to build a model of Gage’s skull to discover if any other areas of his had also been damaged
What experiment did Damasio et al. do?
Damasio took pictures and measurements of Gage’s skull, they built a 3D virtual replica of the skull and matched up the possible entry and exit points of the rod, 20 different entry and 16 different exits points were tested;
Conclusion of Damasio et al. study
they confidently assumed that the brain damage suffered in the accident was likely to have only affected the frontal lobe and no other areas
Strength of Damasio et al. study
The researchers were able to use modern-day technology to investigate the date from 1848, meaning the results have more scientific status
Weakness of Damasio et al. study
This study is based on reports gathered over 150 years ago, meaning it is difficult to have accurate data
What does Sperry’s study consist of?
Sperry studied what effects could be seen by monitoring patients who processed information using their ‘split brain’
What experiment did Sperry do?
Sperry studied a group of 11 patients who had their corpus callosum cut (their left and right hemispheres) by giving them tasks to see how they processed information
Conclusion of Sperry’s study
The right hemisphere was better at identifying objects by feeling them in the left hand. This supports the idea that the left hemisphere controls more language ability, while the right hemisphere controls spatial abilities.
A strength of Sperry’s study
he designed procedures that could be kept the same for each patient, this means the data was gathered reliably.
A weakness of Sperry’s study
Sperry only had a sample of 11 participants
What does Pivilian et al. study consist of?
Investigating bystander behaviour
What were the aims of Pivilian et al. study
To see behaviour in a natural environment and understand the conditions in which people are likely to help
What experiment did pivilian et al. do?
4500 men and women travelling on a new york subway, four groups of four students were used to observe what would happen when a victim collapsed on the train
Conclusion of Pivilian et al. study
People are more likely to help someone ill than someone drunk, men are more likely to help than women
A strength in Pivilian et al. study
it was conducted on a busy subway, this study was done in a naturalistic environment unlike most laboratory experiments on bystander behaviour
A weakness in pivilian et al. study
The passengers were unaware they were taking part of the experiment, that might’ve distressed the participants
What does Haney, banks and Zimbardo study consist in?
Investigating prisoner-guard conflict in a simulated prison environment
What experiment did Haney, banks and Zimbardo do?
10 fake prisoners and 11 fake guards were put in a simulated prison to observe how both groups behaved with one another
Conclusion of Haney, Banks and Zimbardo’s study
it was clear that both the prisoners and the guards conformed to the role they were given, however, the study was stopped 6 days in because they were getting out of control
A strength of Haney, banks and Zimbardo’s study
It illustrates how ordinary individuals could adopt extreme behaviours, such as aggression or submissiveness, when place in a certain environment
A weakness of haney, banks and Zimbardo’s study
The study was only conducted on male college students, it is difficult to apply these findings to real-life prison population
What does Bandura, Ross and Ross’s study consist of?
Transmission of Aggression
What were Bandura, Ross and Ross trying to demonstrate with their study?
They demonstrated that children could learn incidentally through the mere observation of another
What experiment did Bandura, Ross and Ross do?
Children observed an adult behaving aggressively towards a doll and were later put in a room alone to see if they would imitate the adult
Conclusion of Bandura, Ross and Ross’s study
Children learn through observation in the absence of reinforcement, it also showed that children learn aggression from adult role models
A strength of Bandura, Ross and Ross’s study
Researchers controlled the environments and used a standardized procedure to ensure all children experienced the same conditions
A weakness of Bandura, Ross and Ross’s study
The children were tested in an unfamiliar environment, they may have guessed the research aims.
What did Charlton et al. try to demonstrate?
Tony Charlton and other researchers wanted to see what influence television would have on children of the island
What does Charlton et al. study consist of?
effects of TV on children
What experiment did Charlton et al. do?
The researchers compared children’s behaviors before and after the introduction of television
Conclusion of Charlton et al. study
Researchers concluded that television had little influence on the behaviour of the children studied
A strength of Charlton et al. study
The study was conducted at the same primary school before and after television observations.
A weakness of Charlton et al. study
Research carried out in different locations has not been able to replicate these findings.
What does Freud’s 1900 study consist of?
theory of dreaming
What is Freud 1900 trying to demonstrate
How dreams are used to access the unconscious
What did Freud 1900 explore?
He explored the unconscious mind and introduced the idea that dreams are a form of wish fulfillment
A strength of Freud’s 1900 study
His data was qualitative, detailed, and focused on real individuals
a weakness of Freud’s 1900 study
Freud’s ideas cannot easily be tested, so cannot be shown to be true or false
What did Hobson and McCarley’s study consist of?
Activation synthesis
What did Hobson and McCarley try to demonstrate?
They pointed out that the brain is active during REM sleep when our muscles are not working and so there is paralysis
What did Hobson and McCarley conclude from their study
They concluded that dreams are not inherently meaningful but rather a byproduct of the brain’s synthesis of these signals
A strength in Hobson and McCarley’s study
A strength would be the scientific basis of the study as it integrates biological processes with the understanding of dreams
A weakness in Hobson and McCarley’s study
The fact that the 1977 theory was built on and amended, could be considered a weakness
What did Freud’s 1909 study consist of?
Analysis of phobia in a five-year-old boy
What did Freud 1909 try to demonstrate?
he wanted to follow the development of a child to get evidence for his ideas of there being psychosexual stages of development.
What experiment did Freud 1909 do?
He gathered a lot of detailed information from the regular reports sent to him by the boy’s parents
Conclusion of Freud’s 1909 study
Freud used evidence from the Little Hans case study to support his theory that children develop in a series of psychosexual stages, the third of which is the phallic stage
A strength of Freud’s 1909 study
Freud gathered a lot of in-depth and detailed information about the boy, giving richness an validity to the study
A weakness of Freud’s 1909 study
As a lot of information came from Han’s father, it might not be the only information that suited the complex was passed on, leading to bias
What did Siffre’s study consist of
Being 6 months in a cave
What was Siffre trying to prove?
Michel Siffre wanted to see how his body clock reacted to living without normal time cues
What experiment did Siffre do?
Siffre spent more than 6 months without seeing daylight, he lived in a large chamber 130 meters from the entrance of the cave
Conclusion of Siffre’s study
He concluded that the body clock might be manageable however the period of isolation in a confined space was not manageable
A strength of Siffre’s study
The amount of details, both qualitative and quantitative that was produced
A weakness of Siffre’s study
Case studies such as this one are unique, therefore it is hard to generalise the findings
