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Product Design > Design for Aesthetics and Ergonomics > Flashcards

Design for Aesthetics and Ergonomics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of aesthetics

A

a set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty

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2
Q

What is form and what can it be dictated by

A

form refers to the shape and colour of a product

It can be entirely dictated by the technical functions of a product but can also be influenced by a need for aesthetics

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3
Q

List some examples of products where their form is dictated by function

A

racing cars, racing yachts, electronic circuit boards

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4
Q

List some examples of products where their form is largely influenced by aesthetics

A

prams, hairdryers, cars/motorbike

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5
Q

What are the 5 defining features of aesthetics

A
  1. Aesthetics is subjective in the sense that it cannot be measured
  2. Aesthetics is objective in the sense - there is mathematical order
  3. Aesthetics is affected by conditioning (people are conditioned to respond in a certain way)
  4. Aesthetics is affected by symbolism
  5. Aesthetics is challenging because to be successful it requires the right combination of individual elements of beauty
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6
Q

What are the 10 musical features in a set of notes that contain mathematical order

A
  1. Rhythm
  2. Key signature
  3. Melody
  4. The piece starts on a key note of C
  5. The piece contains consonant (pleasant sounding) intervales
  6. There are two phrases which are a variation on a theme
  7. the two phrases are of a similar length
  8. Phrase 1 ends with anticipation
  9. Phrase 2 ends with finality
  10. the top notes are significant in the scale being used
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7
Q

Give some objective features of beauty

A
  1. curves
  2. blending
  3. flowing lines
  4. borders
  5. slenderness
  6. embellishments
  7. contrast
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8
Q

Having multiple badges around the car, this is an example of what type of car design

A

common themes

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9
Q

Why is there a consistent basic layout for cars

A

People are conditioned to expect cars to have certain features and it is risky to depart from these norms

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10
Q

Why is having a consistent style seen as important

A

People generally like a car to fit within a type of style, therefore it is important to respect commonly recognised style types

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11
Q

What is the living machine symbol

A

designers like to give cars animal features to give the impression that the car is a living machine. Examples of this are

  1. Cat boady
  2. Cat eyes.
  3. Shark mouth
  4. Hourglass figure
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12
Q

How can you make a car look strong and protective

A

by using associations of strength and bold (distinctive) styling

  1. Corrugated panels
  2. thick sections
  3. smaller windows
  4. narrower above the shoulder line
  5. high floor base
  6. deep engine compartment
  7. Thick black rim around the base
  8. whites makes the car look bigger and wider
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13
Q

Give some examples of styling

A
  1. Crossed character lines
  2. futuristic
  3. exaggerated shoulders
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14
Q

What effect can a swage line have

A

If a swage line is shown it can help the car to look slim and gives the idea of speed

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15
Q

What may cause designers to think about changing the design

A
  1. change for the sake of change
  2. new technology (batteries)
  3. new manufacturing processes (curved panels)
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16
Q

What are the 10 interior design styles

A
  1. Modern
  2. Contemporary
  3. Minimalist
  4. Industrial
  5. Mid Century modern
  6. Scandinavian
  7. Traditional
  8. Bohemian
  9. Rustic
  10. Shabby Chic
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17
Q

Describe modern interior design

A

clean, crisp lines, simple colour palette

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18
Q

Describe contemporary interior design

A

clean, crisp lines that can be curved (unlike modern), simple colour palette

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19
Q

Describe minimalist interior design

A

simple design shapes, neutral and airy colour palettes, simple and streamlines furnishings

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20
Q

Describe industrial interior design

A

inspiration from warehouse or an urban loft, exposed brick/wood/ductwork

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21
Q

Describe mid-century modern interior design

A

design styles of the mid 1900s - elements of minimalism

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22
Q

Describe scandinavian interior design

A

relates to simplicity of life in nordic countrie, includes all-white colour palettes

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23
Q

Describe traditional interior design

A

classic details, sumptuous furnishings and an abundance of accessories

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24
Q

Describe bohemian interior design

A

ultra glam paired with well worn/unfinished elements

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25
Q

Describe rustic interior design

A

natural inspiration, raw/unfinished elements including wood and stone

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26
Q

Describe shabby chic interior design

A

vintage inspired style, more feminine, soft and delicate

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27
Q

What are the styles for the interior of cars

A
  1. Functional
  2. Modern
  3. Sporty
  4. Luxury
  5. Futuristic
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28
Q

What features can be defined by the age and life style of the costumer

A
  1. Form
  2. Surface colour
  3. Texture
  4. Material
  5. Graphics
  6. Technology
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29
Q

A colour can be chosen for what different reasons

A
  1. Aesthetics
  2. Association
  3. Cleanability
  4. Definition
  5. Safety
  6. Heat absorption
  7. Cost
  8. Resale
30
Q

What are the most popular car colours

A

white, silver, black

31
Q

What are the 3 primary colours and how are they defined

A

yellow, blue and red

the hues that cannot be created by mixing any other colours together

32
Q

How many hue colours are there and how are they made

A

12 hues which include primary, secondary and tertiary colours

33
Q

How many colours can a healthy human eye detect

A

1 million

34
Q

What are pigment colours

A

colours that are produced through adding pigment (used for clothing)

35
Q

What are structural colours

A

colours that are produced by reflecting light

36
Q

What is an example of structural colours

A

film interference in peacock feathers

37
Q

What are the advantages of structural colours

A
  1. less subject to fading
  2. purer
  3. can be iridescent - change colour with the viewing angle
38
Q

What are the three ways that a colour can be altered

A
  1. tinting
  2. shading
  3. toning
39
Q

What is a tinted colour and what is it commonly used for

A

When adding white- creating pastel colours - more delicate and feminine colours

used for medical products and women’s products

40
Q

What is a toned colour

A

adding grey

They are considered more pleasing to the eye, more complex, subtle and sophisticate

41
Q

What does it mean with colours having an association

A

Colours can have high emotional and symbolic associations

42
Q

What are the 2 things that colour can be used to emphasis

A
  1. Colour affects size perception

2. Colour can emphasise shape definition (reveal shapes and edges)

43
Q

What can a glossy white colour usually achieve

A

a clean and high tech image

44
Q

What colours are used for emphasising danger

A

yellow and black

red and black

45
Q

What colours are commonly used to give a fast sporty image

A

bright colour with the use of highlighting

46
Q

What are the 5 different combinations for colours

A
  1. complementary
  2. analogous (next to each other)
  3. triadic (3 colours, equi-distance)
  4. split complementary
  5. Tetradic (4 rectanguar format)
47
Q

What is metallic paint

A

paint with metal particles that can pick up and reflect more incident light than basic paint colours which can reveal the car shape better

48
Q

What is gloss

A

lacquer that is applied to cares to create a shiny gloss

49
Q

What is iridescent paint

A

colours that can change with the angle that is it is being viewed from due to thin film interference within thin reflective layers.

50
Q

What is lustre

A

a measure of the intensity/quality of the colour

51
Q

What is the texture

A

the texture of the cloth which can affect its colour

52
Q

What does the letter z represent when considering a normal distribution

A

z is the number of standard deviation from the mean

53
Q

Why can 3 sigma be quoted as having two different probability values (99.87% and 99.73%)

A

It depends on which section of the normal distribution curve is relevant

54
Q

What are the ergonomic factors in a car design

A
  1. Driver visibility
  2. Mirrors
  3. Steering ratio
  4. Pedal design
  5. Seat design
  6. Wheel changing
  7. Dashboard
55
Q

What is the trade off when designing the A pillar

A
  1. To give low aerodynamic drag it needs to be low in height

2. to give driver visibility it should be high in height

56
Q

What are the considerations needed when designing the mirror

A
  1. blind spots

2. distance perception vs wide field of view

57
Q

What are the considerations in pedal design

A
  1. enough movement for precision but needs to be in the range of the foot
  2. sideways spacing should be designed for extremes in foot size
  3. enough resistance to spring back but not too hard for long distance
58
Q

What are the considerations made during seat design

A
  1. minimise vibrations
  2. should allow adjustment
  3. should give crash protection
  4. have a bucket shape to prevent sideways movement on cornering
59
Q

What are the main goals of the display in a car

A
  1. alert operator to danger in a clear way
  2. minimise distraction
  3. maximise speed of communication
60
Q

What needs to be considered when designing the man-machine interfaces

A
  1. colours and flashing
  2. iconic images
  3. optimal proximity
  4. orientation
  5. size
  6. grouping
  7. emergency buttons
61
Q

Give 2 examples of lights improving car safety

A
  1. Central braking light - this shines red when the car brakes and only when the car breaks (different to the other braking lights which are also on during the night) making it more clear when the car is breaking
  2. Animated light indicators - dynamic effect of the lights creates the idea of moving, making it more clear for a signal that the car is going to turn
62
Q

Give the case study of a failure between the man-machine interfaces

A

Mid air collosion in germany.

2 aircrafts were flying on a collision course. The air traffic controller did not realise in time to be able to keep the aircraft a safe distance away from each other

1 min before the collision he realised and ocntacted the pilot to descent whereas the traffic collision avoidance system instructed them to climb and instructed the other aircraft to descend.

The collision would not have happened if both had followed the automated instructions.

possibly due to russian culture of giving preference to verbal instructions rather than computer instructions

63
Q

What frequency of vibrations can cause instability and difficulty balancing

A

0.1-20 Hz

64
Q

What frequency of vibrations can cause motion sickness

A

0.1 - 0.6 Hz

65
Q

What frequency of vibrations can cause trunk resonance (and damage to organs and spine)

A

4 - 10 Hz

66
Q

What frequency of vibrations can cause Head and neck resonance

A

30 Hz

67
Q

What frequency of vibrations can cause eyes vibrate and blurred vision

A

60-100 Hz

68
Q

What frequency of vibrations can cause the urge to urinate

A

10-18 Hz

69
Q

What frequency of vibrations can cause speech to be disturbed

A

13 - 20 Hz

70
Q

What is the exposure limit for vibrations

A

halfway towards the pain threshold

71
Q

When on the vibration level chart is the area for design for working

A

fatigue decreased proficiency boundary

72
Q

When on the vibration level chart is the area for design for comfort

A

Before the reduced comfort boundary

Product Design (5 decks)

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