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Design and market influences Flashcards

1
Q

What is quality assurance?

A

The process through which the designer actually states what quality they want the product to have when it is finally made

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2
Q

What is quality control?

A

The measures that are put into place to ensure that the quality standards are met at critical points of the manufacturing process

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3
Q

What is the production line?

A

A set of machinery required to make a product from start to finish

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4
Q

What are the four production processes?

A

One off, Batch, Mass, Continuous

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5
Q

Describe one-off production

A

1 made, easy to set up and change, very high individual cost, low cost of setting up production process, very high cost of making individual item, used to make sculptures and paintings

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6
Q

Describe batch production

A

1-10,000 made, adaptable process (easy to change), machines expensive to buy and set up, medium cost of production process, medium cost of making individual item, used for books and perfume bottles

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7
Q

Describe mass production

A

10,000+ made, cost of individual item is low, even more expensive to set up than batch, used for cars

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8
Q

Describe continuous production

A

Millions made, easy to make the same item cheaply to a very high standard, cannot change if demand fails, very high cost of production process, very low cost of individual item, used for paper production and black packaging

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9
Q

What are the three main stages of printing?

A

Pre-press, print, finishing

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10
Q

What is involved in pre-press?

A

It is the stages needed before actual printing can take place: check artwork, colour separation, add quality control measures, plate or screen production

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11
Q

What is involved in print?

A

It is the process of actually printing the design: quality of the paper/card checked, how many colours are needed

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12
Q

What is involved in finishing?

A

It is any additional processes required after the main printing: adding special effects, die cutting, adding binding

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13
Q

What are the process colours?

A

Cyan, magenta, yellow, black

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14
Q

How can the process colours be represented?

A

CMYK

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15
Q

How can you achieve fluorescent or metallic colours in printing?

A

Pre-mixing special colours to use instead of CMYK system

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16
Q

How do you keep the printing quality the same?

A

Using registration marks, colour bars and crop marks

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17
Q

What is the registration mark?

A

A very clear mark about 10mm across of a circle and lines, which is used to check if the printing plates are aligned

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18
Q

What is the colour bar?

A

A small strip of the process colours (CMYK) printed outside the actual image to check the density of the four other colours

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19
Q

What are the crop marks?

A

Two lines found at each of the four corners of a page which tell the printer where to crop or guillotine the printed image

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20
Q

What are four other measures that can be taken to ensure printing quality is maintained?

A

Using tints (percentages of the process colours found in the colour bar), densitometers (measures the density of any colour), guillotines (a large and powerful blade used for the final cut to the printed sheet) and making a bleed area (a 3mm extra area at the edge of a printed image which allows for slight misalignment by the printer when cropping an image)

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21
Q

What are the five methods of printing?

A

Offset lithography, flexography, screen printing, gravure, laser

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22
Q

How do the methods of printing vary?

A

Cost, quantity, quality, surface printed onto

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23
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of offset lithography?

A

Most widely used method of printing today, used for newspapers and magazines, most common method, high quality, fast, expensive setup cost

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24
Q

What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of flexography?

A

Used for packaging, corrugated boxes and shopping bags, very fast, good quality expensive setup cost

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25
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of screen printing?
Used for t-shirts and big posters, good for short print runs, can print on absorbent surfaces, cheaper than other processes, not as good quality as the other processes, slow
26
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of gravure?
Used for high-quality magazines and stamps, best quality print, very fast, very expensive setup cost
27
What are the uses, advantages and disadvantages of laser?
Used for one-off items (e.g. documents), immediate printing, no setup costs, very expensive individual print
28
Describe the steps of offset lithography
The plate to be printed is coated with a type of grease and is rinsed, dampened with water and coated with ink. The ink only sticks to the parts of the plate that are not wet with water (the oil and grease does not mix with water).The plate is fixed to a cylinder, paper is fed through and the image is transferred onto the paper.
29
Describe the steps of flexography
It uses a relief image and thin, flexible printing plates made of rubber or photopolymer. The image on the plates is produced by a photographic process and the inks are quick drying thin liquids. This allows it to print on materials such as cellophane, polyethene and metallic firms.
30
Describe the steps of gravure
The image to be printed is made up of small holes sunk onto the surface of the printing plate. The cells are filled with ink and the excess is scraped off the surface, then a rubber covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells. The printing plates are usually made from copper and may be produced by engraving or etching.
31
Describe the steps of screen printing
The screen is made from a fine mesh material fixed to a wooden frame. A stencil is laid on the mesh and ink is forced through the cut-out shapes onto the paper below.
32
Why are print finishes used?
For aesthetics to make it look better and for protection from wear and tear
33
What are the five main finishes?
Varnishing, foil blocking, laminating, embossing, die cutting
34
Describe varnishing
Varnish used to make prints look better and for protection. It can give a matt, satin or gloss finish and is not very expensive
35
Describe foil blocking
A pre-glued metallic foil is stamped onto the printed surface using heat and pressure. It enhances special work and is used for book covers and photograph albums, but is expensive.
36
Describe laminating
Plastic film is applied to one or both sides of the print. It provides greater protection than varnish and improves strength, but is expensive. It is good if the product is going to be handled a lot.
37
Describe embossing
Creating an impression of a design to make a relief, gives a visual and tactile effect, raises surface, expensive, requires special press tools to be made
38
Describe die cutting
Process used to cut, score or crease shapes in card, uses a press to cut out a crease of complex shapes, can make things to be assembled into a 3D shape
39
What are the top two functions of packaging?
To protect and to promote the product
40
What is primary packaging?
Packaging that protects the product and gives key information
41
What is secondary packaging?
Packaging that contains the actual product and gives detailed information to the consumer
42
What is the waste hierarchy pyramid?
An indication of an order of preference for action to reduce and manage waste
43
Describe the waste hierarchy pyramid
From most favoured to least favoured: prevention, minimisation, reuse, recycling, energy recovery (i.e. powering a power station), disposal
44
What are the main reasons for packaging?
Stacking and storage (to easily stack a quantity of products), information, protection, preservation (extends the shelf life and keeps it free from bacteria), promotion (makes the product look more attractive)
45
What happens if a product doesn't have good packaging?
The product will fail to be a success due to a variety of reasons, such as lack of protection resulting in the product getting damaged during transport
46
What is a simple box package made of?
Board
47
What is the industrial process to shape simple box packaging?
Die cutting
48
What is a bottle package made of?
Thermoplastic or glass
49
What is the industrial process to shape bottle packaging?
Blow moulding
50
What is a bottle lid made of?
Thermoplastic
51
What is the industrial process to shape bottle lids?
Injection moulding
52
What is blister packing made of?
Thermoplastic
53
What is the industrial process to shape blister packing?
Vacuum forming
54
What are the uses of paper/card as packaging?
Games, cereals
55
What are the uses of thermoplastics as packaging?
Drinks, bags, insulation, protection
56
What are the uses of metal as packaging?
Tin cans, fizzy drinks
57
What are the uses of glass as packaging?
Drink bottles
58
What are the uses of softwoods as packaging?
Pallets
59
What are the uses of engineering boards as packaging?
Packaging cases for transport of machinery
60
What are the advantages of using paper/card as packaging?
Cheap, light, easy to print
61
What are the advantages of using thermoplastics as packaging?
Waterproof, light, transparent, complex shapes can easily be made
62
What are the advantages of using metals as packaging?
Strong, waterproof
63
What are the advantages of using glass as packaging?
Waterproof, transparent
64
What are the advantages of using softwoods as packaging?
Cheap, strong, can be re-used
65
What are the advantages of using engineering boards as packaging?
Very strong
66
What are the disadvantages of using paper/card as packaging?
Not as strong as other materials, not waterproof
67
What are the disadvantages of using thermoplastics as packaging?
Least environmentally friendly material
68
What are the disadvantages of using metals as packaging?
Expensive
69
What are the disadvantages of using glass as packaging?
Can break, expensive
70
What are the disadvantages of using engineering boards as packaging?
Only one off use
71
What are patents?
Legal protection the designer has for their design to prevent it from being copied for up to 20 years
72
What is copyright?
Protects original authored work from being copied for the lifetime of the creator plus 70 years
73
What is a registered design?
Protects the aesthetics or look of the design from being copied
74
What is a trademark?
A distinctive symbol or logo that contains the company name or slogan and cannot be copied
75
What does the image of an umbrella on packaging represent?
Keep out of the rain and do not store in damp conditions
76
What does the image of a broken wine glass on packaging represent?
The product inside the packaging could easily be damaged if dropped or handled without care and attention
77
What does the image of two arrows pointing upwards on top of a horizontal line on packaging represent?
The product must be stored the right way up (the arrows point to the top of the package)
78
What does the image of two hands holding a box on packaging represent?
The product should be handled with care

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