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Design and Making Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Data

A

information that is gathered by the designer and used to help improve their designs.

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2
Q

Secondary Data

A

information/data that is already found by other people/organisations that are relevant.

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3
Q

Environmental, social and economic challenges

A

Designers need to understand the challenges of using raw materials and the processes available to limit the amount of waste when manufacturing a product.

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4
Q

The 6 Rs:

A 
Repair
Reuse
Recycle
Rethink
Reduce
Refuse
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5
Q

How do companies manage environmental footprints?

A
  • planting trees to absorb the CO2
  • buying products locally to avoid CO2 emissions
  • powering their facilities using renewable energy to reduce their carbon footprint.
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6
Q

Iterative design

A

In this process, a model can be made for a design sketch and then tested

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7
Q

Modelling

A

Modelling ideas in card, paper, clay or other materials can create a cheap and quick way to do initial trials with a product

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8
Q

Different ways of testing

A
  1. Destructive testing
  2. Non-destructive testing
  3. Market testing
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9
Q

What is destructive testing?

A
  • tests the product to its extreme to see what conditions it can tolerate
  • helps decide on the best materials and construction methods to use.
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10
Q

What is non-destructive testing?

A

tests the model to identify areas of weakness without destroying it, to test the function of the product and highlight unexpected design flaws

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11
Q

What is marketing testing?

A

tests the product with its target market to give feedback on performance and design.

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12
Q

Collaboration

A
  • type of design strategy
  • groups of designers with different tasks, ideas and specialties to allow a diverse range of opinions
  • giving feedback
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13
Q

User-centered design

A
  • type of design strategy

- the design of a product around the needs of the target market

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14
Q

Modelling

A

-allows a person to see and handle a product unlike viewing it on a screen through CAD.

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15
Q

Breadboards

A

used in the early development of electronic products.

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16
Q

Advantages of physical modelling

A
  • allows a designer to physically handle a design and view it from all sides
  • changes can be made quickly and easily
  • materials such as cardboard can be found cheaply and easily
  • models can be scaled up or down in size
  • models can be used to show a client and get feedback on
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17
Q

Disadvantages of physical modelling

A
  • can be time consuming and complicated

- limited materials and expensive

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18
Q

Prototyping

A

-is expensive, so the product needs to have already been modelled and tested.

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19
Q

Reasons for prototyping

A
  • following a client and user, small changes can be made before production
  • user trials with a prototype can check functionality, marketability and whether a product is fit, before spending money on production.
  • special tools and equipment can be planned for
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20
Q

Ways in which you can minimise waste:

A
  • tessalating

- nesting

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21
Q

Marking out tools

A 
jigs- useful for marking out where holes need to be drilled or joints
tape measure
pins
craft knife 
compass
scriber
mitre square
mortise gauge 
centre punch
engineers square 
marking knife 
sliding level
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22
Q

Finishes

A

added to a product’s surface after production to improve its functionality and/or aesthetic.

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23
Q

Why are finishes applied

A
  • stop corrosion
  • prevent decay
  • defend against attack
  • improve hygiene
  • insulate
  • decorate
  • color
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24
Q

Finishes applied to Papers and Boards:

A 
Printing
waterproof coating
laminate
foil baking
UV varnish
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25
Finishes applied to textiles:
``` Stain proofing waterproof coating mould protection dyeing flameproofing crease resistance ```
26
Finishes applied to timber and wood:
``` Painting varnish wax stain preservative pressure treatment ```
27
Finishes applied to metal:
``` Powder coating dip coating galvanising electroplating shot blasting ```
28
Finishes applied to polymers:
polish vinyl decals print
29
Finishes applied to electronics:
Protective insulation lacquering | lubrication
30
Chipboard
small chips of timber glued together to produce a dense sheet.
31
Medium density fiberboard
- small timber fibers that I mixed with wax and resin | - they are heated and compressed so a flat sheet is produced
32
Plywood
made by lamination
33
Laminating
gluing at least three layers of sheet timber together at right angles to each other.
34
Ways alter timbre:
``` Staining Varnish Oiling Waxing Painting Laminating ```
35
5 types of forces:
- tension - compression - bending - torsion - shear
36
Timber
- has good tensile strength and compressive strength, due to the fibrous structure. - if untreated, does not have good bending qualities
37
Kerfing
If timber is soaked in water or exposed to steam, it can become flexible. Slots can be cut along the inside face of the timber to be bent allowing for the inside face to cope with the compressive force- this
38
High cross-sectional stability
Plywood is strengthened by having the timber glued at right angles.
39
Hardwood
``` Oak Mahogany Beech Balsa Ash ```
40
Softwood
``` Pine Spruce Fir Larch Cedar ```
41
Conversion
Once a tree has been chopped down, the branches are removed so only the trunk is left. The tree trunks are transported to a sawmill, where the trees are cut to usable planks
42
Types of conversion
1. Baulk cut 2. through and through cut 3. Tangential cut 4. Quarter cut
43
Types of scale production
Prototype or one-off production Bath production Mass production Continuous production
44
Prototype or one-off production
A custom-made or bespoke product that is made from timber could be based on a customer design-specification.
45
Batch production
Batch production is where many items of the same product are produced
46
Mass production
Mass-produced products are manufactured in large volumes
47
Continuous production
Continuous production takes place 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
48
Tools for cutting timber
Rip saw: cutting thicker planks and boards Tenon saw: for cutting straight lines with accuracy Coping saw: for cutting thinner pieces
49
Drills:
Twist drills: used to simply drill a hole of a fixed diameter into a piece of timber. Countersink bits: used to profile a hole so that the top of a screw can sit flush with a surface.
50
Chiselling:
used to remove timber, usually up to a cut or between two cuts, eg. when producing wooden joints, such as dovetails.
51
Planing
used to smooth the edge of a piece of timber by running a sharp blade in the direction of the grain, or can be used at an angle to produce a chamfered edge.
52
Sanding
used to achieve a profiled shape or a smooth surface finish by removing fine particles, normally the final stage of shaping.
53
Routing
- commercial process - hand held and table mounted/CNC - All routers work by rotating a cutting bit at a high speed. As the cutting tool passes over or along the edge of the timber, a cut or profiled shape is made.
54
Turning
-spindle turning and faceplate turning
55
Accuracy and quality control
When working with timber it is important to remember that it is a natural material that changes shape as different amounts of water are absorbed by it.
56
Surface treatments and finishes
Paint Wood stain Oil and wax Varnish
57
Paint
- gives color to the timber - protects - can be opaque or transluscent - glossy, matt or silk
58
Wood stain
- appearance of the timber of enhanced | - design to look like a different wood type
59
Oil and wax
Enhance the natural appearance of the timber.
60
Varnish
- a shiny appearance is achieved | - usually applied in many layers , so it is more durable
61
Pressure treated timber
- extends the lifespan of wood protecting it against rot. | - preservatives are forced deep into the wood, which offers better protection.
62
Dip-treated timber
offers limited protection as the preservatives only penetrate the surface of the wood.

Design and technology (3 decks)

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