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design and technology > Design and Making Principles > Flashcards

Design and Making Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Data

A

information that is gathered by the designer and used to help improve their designs.

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2
Q

Secondary Data

A

information/data that is already found by other people/organisations that are relevant.

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3
Q

Environmental, social and economic challenges

A

Designers need to understand the challenges of using raw materials and the processes available to limit the amount of waste when manufacturing a product.

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4
Q

The 6 Rs:

A 
Repair
Reuse
Recycle
Rethink
Reduce
Refuse
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5
Q

How do companies manage environmental footprints?

A
  • planting trees to absorb the CO2
  • buying products locally to avoid CO2 emissions
  • powering their facilities using renewable energy to reduce their carbon footprint.
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6
Q

Iterative design

A

In this process, a model can be made for a design sketch and then tested

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7
Q

Modelling

A

Modelling ideas in card, paper, clay or other materials can create a cheap and quick way to do initial trials with a product

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8
Q

Different ways of testing

A
  1. Destructive testing
  2. Non-destructive testing
  3. Market testing
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9
Q

What is destructive testing?

A
  • tests the product to its extreme to see what conditions it can tolerate
  • helps decide on the best materials and construction methods to use.
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10
Q

What is non-destructive testing?

A

tests the model to identify areas of weakness without destroying it, to test the function of the product and highlight unexpected design flaws

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11
Q

What is marketing testing?

A

tests the product with its target market to give feedback on performance and design.

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12
Q

Collaboration

A
  • type of design strategy
  • groups of designers with different tasks, ideas and specialties to allow a diverse range of opinions
  • giving feedback
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13
Q

User-centered design

A
  • type of design strategy

- the design of a product around the needs of the target market

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14
Q

Modelling

A

-allows a person to see and handle a product unlike viewing it on a screen through CAD.

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15
Q

Breadboards

A

used in the early development of electronic products.

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16
Q

Advantages of physical modelling

A
  • allows a designer to physically handle a design and view it from all sides
  • changes can be made quickly and easily
  • materials such as cardboard can be found cheaply and easily
  • models can be scaled up or down in size
  • models can be used to show a client and get feedback on
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17
Q

Disadvantages of physical modelling

A
  • can be time consuming and complicated

- limited materials and expensive

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18
Q

Prototyping

A

-is expensive, so the product needs to have already been modelled and tested.

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19
Q

Reasons for prototyping

A
  • following a client and user, small changes can be made before production
  • user trials with a prototype can check functionality, marketability and whether a product is fit, before spending money on production.
  • special tools and equipment can be planned for
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20
Q

Ways in which you can minimise waste:

A
  • tessalating

- nesting

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21
Q

Marking out tools

A 
jigs- useful for marking out where holes need to be drilled or joints
tape measure
pins
craft knife 
compass
scriber
mitre square
mortise gauge 
centre punch
engineers square 
marking knife 
sliding level
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22
Q

Finishes

A

added to a product’s surface after production to improve its functionality and/or aesthetic.

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23
Q

Why are finishes applied

A
  • stop corrosion
  • prevent decay
  • defend against attack
  • improve hygiene
  • insulate
  • decorate
  • color
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24
Q

Finishes applied to Papers and Boards:

A 
Printing
waterproof coating
laminate
foil baking
UV varnish
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25
Q

Finishes applied to textiles:

A 
Stain proofing
waterproof coating
mould protection
dyeing
flameproofing
crease resistance
26
Q

Finishes applied to timber and wood:

A 
Painting 
varnish
wax
stain
preservative
pressure treatment
27
Q

Finishes applied to metal:

A 
Powder coating
dip coating
galvanising
electroplating
shot blasting
28
Q

Finishes applied to polymers:

A

polish
vinyl decals
print

29
Q

Finishes applied to electronics:

A

Protective insulation lacquering

lubrication

30
Q

Chipboard

A

small chips of timber glued together to produce a dense sheet.

31
Q

Medium density fiberboard

A
  • small timber fibers that I mixed with wax and resin

- they are heated and compressed so a flat sheet is produced

32
Q

Plywood

A

made by lamination

33
Q

Laminating

A

gluing at least three layers of sheet timber together at right angles to each other.

34
Q

Ways alter timbre:

A 
Staining
Varnish
Oiling
Waxing
Painting
Laminating
35
Q

5 types of forces:

A
  • tension
  • compression
  • bending
  • torsion
  • shear
36
Q

Timber

A
  • has good tensile strength and compressive strength, due to the fibrous structure.
  • if untreated, does not have good bending qualities
37
Q

Kerfing

A

If timber is soaked in water or exposed to steam, it can become flexible. Slots can be cut along the inside face of the timber to be bent allowing for the inside face to cope with the compressive force- this

38
Q

High cross-sectional stability

A

Plywood is strengthened by having the timber glued at right angles.

39
Q

Hardwood

A 
Oak
Mahogany
Beech
Balsa 
Ash
40
Q

Softwood

A 
Pine
Spruce
Fir
Larch
Cedar
41
Q

Conversion

A

Once a tree has been chopped down, the branches are removed so only the trunk is left. The tree trunks are transported to a sawmill, where the trees are cut to usable planks

42
Q

Types of conversion

A
  1. Baulk cut
  2. through and through cut
  3. Tangential cut
  4. Quarter cut
43
Q

Types of scale production

A

Prototype or one-off production
Bath production
Mass production
Continuous production

44
Q

Prototype or one-off production

A

A custom-made or bespoke product that is made from timber could be based on a customer design-specification.

45
Q

Batch production

A

Batch production is where many items of the same product are produced

46
Q

Mass production

A

Mass-produced products are manufactured in large volumes

47
Q

Continuous production

A

Continuous production takes place 24 hours a day, 7 days a week

48
Q

Tools for cutting timber

A

Rip saw: cutting thicker planks and boards
Tenon saw: for cutting straight lines with accuracy
Coping saw: for cutting thinner pieces

49
Q

Drills:

A

Twist drills: used to simply drill a hole of a fixed diameter into a piece of timber.
Countersink bits: used to profile a hole so that the top of a screw can sit flush with a surface.

50
Q

Chiselling:

A

used to remove timber, usually up to a cut or between two cuts, eg. when producing wooden joints, such as dovetails.

51
Q

Planing

A

used to smooth the edge of a piece of timber by running a sharp blade in the direction of the grain, or can be used at an angle to produce a chamfered edge.

52
Q

Sanding

A

used to achieve a profiled shape or a smooth surface finish by removing fine particles, normally the final stage of shaping.

53
Q

Routing

A
  • commercial process
  • hand held and table mounted/CNC
  • All routers work by rotating a cutting bit at a high speed. As the cutting tool passes over or along the edge of the timber, a cut or profiled shape is made.
54
Q

Turning

A

-spindle turning and faceplate turning

55
Q

Accuracy and quality control

A

When working with timber it is important to remember that it is a natural material that changes shape as different amounts of water are absorbed by it.

56
Q

Surface treatments and finishes

A

Paint
Wood stain
Oil and wax
Varnish

57
Q

Paint

A
  • gives color to the timber
  • protects
  • can be opaque or transluscent
  • glossy, matt or silk
58
Q

Wood stain

A
  • appearance of the timber of enhanced

- design to look like a different wood type

59
Q

Oil and wax

A

Enhance the natural appearance of the timber.

60
Q

Varnish

A
  • a shiny appearance is achieved

- usually applied in many layers , so it is more durable

61
Q

Pressure treated timber

A
  • extends the lifespan of wood protecting it against rot.

- preservatives are forced deep into the wood, which offers better protection.

62
Q

Dip-treated timber

A

offers limited protection as the preservatives only penetrate the surface of the wood.

design and technology (3 decks)

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