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Research Methods PSYC 310 > Descriptive Research Strategy: Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Descriptive Research Strategy: Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of qualitative measurement

A
  • exploratory
  • no hypothesis
  • narrative report
  • small n
  • theory building
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2
Q

characteristics of quantitative measurement

A
  • confirmatory
  • hypothesis
  • statistical analyses
  • large n
  • theory confirming
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3
Q

quantitative research: categories

A

I:
- descriptive
II:
- correlational
III:
- experimental
- quasi-experimental
- non-experimental

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4
Q

level of constraint

A
  • how much control is exercised over the data collection
  • the more rules and the more specific & precise the
    method, the higher the level of constraint.
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5
Q

high constraint

A
  • higher precision & validity for
    conclusions
  • not flexible
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6
Q

low constraint

A
  • more flexible/exploratory
  • be careful about conclusions (precision? validity?)
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7
Q

goal of descriptive research

A
  • to describe every single variable involved
  • measures a variable or set of variables as they exist naturally
  • not concerned with associations between variables
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8
Q

categories of descriptive research

A
  • observational
  • survey
  • case study
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9
Q

observational research: collecting data

A
  • archival research
  • behavioural observation
  • content analysis
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10
Q

behavioural observation

A
  • direct observation and systematic recording in a natural setting.
  • concerns:
    1. Presence of researcher/solution = habituation
    2. Subjectivity/solution = multiple raters, trained observers, clearly defined behaviors
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11
Q

quantifying behavioural observations

A
  • frequency method
  • duration method
  • interval method
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12
Q

frequency method

A

counting instances of each specific behavior

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13
Q

duration method

A

counting time individual spent engaging in specific
behavior during a fixed-time observation period

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14
Q

interval method

A

dividing observation period into a series of intervals and recording if behavior occurs during each interval
- time sampling
- event sampling
- individual sampling

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15
Q

content analysis

A
  • behavioural observation
  • divide into behavioural categories
    – employ multiple observers - inter-rater reliability
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16
Q

archival analysis

A
  • examination of historical records to measure behaviour of the past
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17
Q

Types of observational research studies

A
  • naturalistic / unobtrusive observation
  • participant observation
  • contrived / structured observation
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18
Q

naturalistic observation benefits

A

+ behavior observed in real world
+ authentic / high external validity
+ observe behaviors that cannot be
manipulated

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19
Q

naturalistic observation disadvantages

A
  • time-consuming, observer influence
  • subjective interpretation
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20
Q

participant observation benefits

A

+ access to otherwise inaccessible information
+ participation offers unique insight
+ authentic / high external validity

21
Q

participant observation disadvantages

A
  • time-consuming / dangerous
  • ethical issues
  • observer influence
  • loss of objectivity
22
Q

contrived observation benefits

A

+ don’t have to wait for behavior to occur
+ can be done in lab or in the field

23
Q

contrived observation disadvantages

A
  • less authentic?
24
Q

contrived observation

A
  • observe participants in a setting designed to illicit the behavior of interest
  • structured
25
Q

participant observation

A
  • interact with participants or become one of them
  • go undercover
26
Q

naturalistic observation

A
  • observe behavior in a natural setting as unobtrusively as possible
  • “fly on the wall”
27
Q

goal of survey research design

A

get a sense of people’s attitudes and behaviours
in relation to a particular issue

28
Q

3 major areas of consideration for survey

A
  1. question content/wording of questions
  2. the response format
  3. administering a survey
29
Q

demographic information

A
  • age
  • educational level
  • ethnicity
  • gender
  • income level
  • living condition
  • language spoken
  • marital status
  • program of study
  • profession
30
Q

survey questions: things to look out for

A
  1. is the question necessary or useful?
    - what level of detail is required?
  2. are several questions needed?
    - is the main question enough or do you need further clarification?
  3. is your question double-barrelled?
  4. do respondents have the needed information?
    - ask a filter question first
    - is the terminology too complex?
    - are acronyms easily understood?
  5. is the question biased or loaded
  6. will respondents answer truthfully?
  7. is the question specific enough?
31
Q

response format

A
  • open-ended questions
  • restricted questions
  • rating-scale questions
32
Q

open-ended questions

A
  • introduce a topic and allow participants to respond in their own words
  • can give indication of how much detail you want
33
Q

restricted questions

A
  • present a limited number of response alternatives
  • can add element of openness (other)
34
Q

rating-scale questions

A

require selection of a numerical value on a
predetermined scale

35
Q

semantic differential scale

A
  • multiple response options, polar opposites
  • draw line across dash
36
Q

administering a survey

A
  • Internet survey
  • mail surveys
  • telephone surveys
  • in-person surveys and interviews
37
Q

Internet survey strength

A
  • efficient to administer to a large number of participants
  • access to large number of individuals with common characteristics
  • can be individualized based on participant’s responses
38
Q

Internet survey weaknesses

A
  • initial expense for site
  • may not be representative
  • cannot control the composition of the sample
39
Q

mail survey strengths

A
  • convenient and anonymous
  • nonthreatening to participants
  • easy to administer
40
Q

mail survey weaknesses

A
  • can be expensive, time-consuming
  • low response rate and nonresponse bias
  • unsure exactly who completes the survey
41
Q

telephone surveys strengths

A
  • can be conducted from home or office
  • participants can stay at home or office
42
Q

telephone surveys weaknesses

A
  • time-consuming
  • potential for interview bias
43
Q

in-person survey strengths

A
  • efficient to administer with groups
  • 100% response rate
  • flexible (group or individual interviews)
44
Q

in-person survey weaknesses

A
  • time-consuming
  • risk of interviewer bias
45
Q

case study

A
  • in-depth examination of one or more individuals
    of interest
  • idiographic approach
46
Q

case studies: if no treatment or intervention =___

A

case history

47
Q

case study: strengths

A
  • not averaged over diverse group
  • detailed description
  • vivid, powerful, convincing
  • compatible with clinical work
  • can study rare and unusual events
  • can identify exceptions to the rules
48
Q

case study: weaknesses

A
  • limited generalization
  • potential for selective bias
  • potential for subjective interpretation

Research Methods PSYC 310 (9 decks)

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