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Epidemiology > Descriptive Epi Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Descriptive Epi Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fixed/Dynamic Population

A
  • fixed:a permanent membership. (WWII vets)

- dynamic: able to change (city population is dynamic, people move in/out of boundary)

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2
Q

Steady State

A

people entering=people leaving

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3
Q

What factors should be considered when measuring how common a disease presents in pop.?

A
  • number of people affected by disease
  • size of pop. from where the disease cases arise
  • how long pop. is followed
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4
Q

What do you use to measure and compare disease occurrence?

A
  • ratios: 4/2 # divided by #
  • rates:division of two numbers. Time is in denominator
  • proportions:division of related numbers.
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5
Q

How to measure disease frequency?

A
  • incidence:occurrence of new disease over a period of time.

- prevalence:proportion of total population that is diseased

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6
Q

candidate population

A

people who are “at risk” for getting disease

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7
Q

Cumulative Incidence

A 
-proportion of "at risk" population that become diseased over set time.
# new cases/ # "at risk"  with time frame
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8
Q

Incidence Rate

A

occurrence of new cases of disease that arise during person-time of observation.
True rate as time is incorporated into the denominator.

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9
Q

What measures the transition from health to disease?

A
  • cumulative incidence: useful for fixed.

- incidence rate: useful for dynamic populations.

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10
Q

Point prevalence

A

-proportion of pop. diseased at a single point in time

total pop.

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11
Q

Period prevalence

A

-proportion of pop. diseased over set time frame.

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12
Q

What are incidence and prevalence used for?

A
  • incidence:evaluate effectiveness of program to prevent disease.
  • prevalence: obscures causal relationships, bc in combines incidence and survival.
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13
Q

Crude Mortality Rate

A

Total number of deaths from all causes/100,000/ 1yr

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14
Q

Cause-specific Mortality Rate

A

of deaths from specific cause/100,000/ 1yr

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15
Q

Natality (live birth rate)

A

of livebirths/ 1,000/ 1yr

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16
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

deaths of infants

17
Q

Morbidity Rate

A

of existing or new cases of a particular disease per 100 people

18
Q

Attack Rate

A

of new cases of disease that develop
———————————————- for time period
“healthy at risk”
Similar to Incidence Proportion

19
Q

Case Fatality Rate

A

of deaths per # of disease cases

type of cumuulative incidence. MUST specify time frame

20
Q

Survival Rate

A

of living cases of disease

complement to case fatality rate
cumulative incident measure

21
Q

Catchment Population

A

Number of people that use a facility’s service

22
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A

-used to determine if a site/location is experiencing disease occurrence more frequently than usual

23
Q

Passive Surveillance System

A

Relies on healthcare to follow regulations to report diseases

24
Q

Active Surveillance Sustem

A

Send officials into community to search for new disease case

25
Q

Syndromic Surveillance System

A

Observes pre-defined sings of patients that need reported or evaluated

26
Q

What is a “case” definition?

A

Uniform criteria that define a disease

  • allows for consistent classification and reporting of cases
  • can vary by state
  • are updated annually
27
Q

Epidemic

A
  • cases of disease that greatly exceed normal expectancy
  • clearly define community, time period
  • goal: capture disease ASAP
28
Q

Outbreak

A
  • epidemic limited to a localized increase in occurrence of disease
  • similar to cluster
29
Q

Endemic

A

-constant presence of disease in given area or population greater than other areas

30
Q

Pandemic

A
  • epidemic that occurs over wide range, involving many people
  • multi region or national
31
Q

Epidemic Curve

A
  • depiction of outbreak/epidemic cases by date
  • demonstrates the pattern of spread
  • depicts magnitude of impact
32
Q

Common Source

A

Derived from a single point and spread

33
Q

Propagated Source

A

Spread person-to-person

Epidemiology (7 decks)

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