Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CMT-dos > Describing fractures > Flashcards

Describing fractures Flashcards

1
Q

Buckle (Torus)

A

Fracture that results from mild compression/impaction forces along the long axis of the bone

Usually occurs at the metaphysis

Torus/Buckle: bending of a bone with a compressing fracture and outward bulging of the cortex; axial loading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Avulsion

A

Fracture in which a piece of bone is pulled off due to a tendon or ligament that is subjected to a force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intra-articular fracture

A

Fracture that involves a joint
Often unstable and unlikely to heal without surgical intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dislocation

A

Loss of joint surface/articular congruity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A

Left wrist x-rays show a transverse fracture line along the distal radiusmetaphyseal area with fragmentation and longitudinal intra-articular extension (radiocarpal joint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spiral

A

corkscrew-shaped fracture around the bone; twisting force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Comminuted:

A

fracture resulting in more than 2 pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fissure:

A

an incomplete cortical break without bending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Greenstick:

A

bending of a bone on one side with a crack on the opposite side; angulated longitudinal force or direct perpendicular trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intrinsic Bone Quality

Generalized osteopenia

A

Overall reduction in bone density
Imbalance in bone deposition and resorption, placing the bone at risk of pathologic fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intrinsic Bone Quality

Periarticular osteopenia

A

Reduction in bone density surrounding joints
Classically a sign of rheumatoid arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intrinsic Bone Quality

Lytic lesion

A

Focal areas of bony hypodensity, which are classically a sign of multiple myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

intrinsic bone quality

Generalized osteosclerosis

A

Overallincrease in bone density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intrinsic Bone Quality

Subchondral osteosclerosis

A

Increased bone density surrounding a joint, in the subchondral layer
Classically a sign of osteoarthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A

Left: normal bone density

Middle and right: osteopenia

less densisty at the joints, osteoarthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Displacement

A

Dorsal (posterior), volar (anterior) or lateral displacement of the distal fragment with respect to the proximal fragment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Distraction

A

Increased overall bone length; widening of the bone components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A

Injuries to the physis (growth plate)

20
Q
A

S = Straight Across
Fracture travels straight across the physis

Cannot occur if the growth plate is already fused

~5-7% of growth plate injuries
Prognosis: excellent
Tx: non-operative management

21
Q
A

Salter-Harris Type II

A = Above the physis
Fracture involves part of the growth plate, and then travels above the physis into the metaphysis
75% of growth plate injuries
Prognosis: excellent
Tx: non-operative management

22
Q
A

Salter-Harris Type III

L = Lower or beLow the physis
Fracture involves part of the growth plate, and then travels below the physis into the epiphysis
~7-10% of growth plate injuries

Prognosis: potential to be unstable especially if the joint space is involved

Tx: may or may not be operative

23
Q
A

Salter- Harris Type IV

T = Through the physis
Fracture travels through the metaphysis, through the physis, and through the epiphysis
~10% of growth plate injuries

Prognosis: usually unstable and can potentially lead to limb length discrepancies

Tx: operative management should be considered

24
Q
A

Salter-Harris Type V

R = Ruined or cRushed physis
Fracture is a crush injury to the physis
< 1% of growth plate injuries
Prognosis: unstable and lead to limb length discrepancies
Tx: operative management should be considered

25
Q
A

Sail sign
Elevation of theanterior fat padon lateral elbow radiograph to create a silhouette similar to the sail of a boat
Anterior fat pad is often normal

It indicates:
Presence of anelbow joint effusion
Presence of an intra-articular fracture
Radial head fracture in adults
Supracondylar fracture in children

Posterior fat pad on a lateral x-ray of the elbow is always abnormal

Where a fat pad is raised and no fracture is demonstrated, anoccult fractureshould be suspected

26
Q

elbow, shoulder, hip, patella dislocations

A

Elbows
Most commonly dislocate posteriorly, particularly with fractures of the radial head, olecranon, or coronoid process

Shoulders
Dislocate anteriorly in 95% of cases

Hips
Dislocate posteriorly in 90% of cases

Patella
Tends to dislocate laterally

Note whether any dislocations are associated with a fracture, as this would be referred to as acomplex dislocation or fracture-dislocation

27
Q

dislocation vs subluxation

A

Dislocation
Complete (100%) loss of articular congruity; no part of the articular surfaces of the bones contributing to the joint are touching each other

Subluxation
Partial (< 100%) loss of articular congruity; some part of the articular surfaces of the bones contributing to the joint are touching each other

28
Q
A

subluxation on left

dislocation on right

29
Q

Assessment of Soft Tissue

Air within the soft tissue

A

Look for air within the soft tissues, especially around the site of a fracture

Presence of air is indicative of a compound fracture

30
Q

Assessment of Soft Tissue

Foreign body

A

Look for foreign bodies within the soft tissues - particularly shrapnel which may have been deposited during penetrating injury

31
Q

Manipulative reduction & immobilization (splints)

Reduction

A

Fractured ends are manipulated back into position and immobilized using a splint or a cast

Should be achieved within a few hours after the injury

Reduction is either the definitive management or temporary until surgery can be performed

An x-ray must be obtained after immobilization to ensure adequate reduction

32
Q

fracture complications

neurovascular, DVT, fat embolism, compartment syndrome

A
33
Q

Fracture Complications

Osteomyelitis

A

Results from the spread of microorganisms from wounds associated with an open fracture

Most commonly caused byStaphylococcus aureus

34
Q

fracture complications

Premature osteoarthritis:

A

Due to cartilage destruction and changes of the subchondral bone

Increased risk with:
Older age
Obesity
Repetitive joint use
Trauma

35
Q

fracture complications

Complex regional pain syndrome:

A

Characterized by chronic pain, often of the distal limbs
Can occur after a fracture or surgery and is difficult to manage

36
Q

Signs of Osteoarthritis

Key findings on x-ray (4)

A

Reduced joint space
Generally asymmetric

Subchondral sclerosis
Increased bone deposition surrounding the joint

Subchondral cysts
Cystic formations around the joint

Osteophytes
Bony projections along the joint line

37
Q
A

(1)Joint space narrowing

(2)Osteophytes

(3)joint destruction

(4) Involvement of the carpometacarpal (CMC) jointwhich is very common

38
Q
A

OA

Anteroposterior and lateral views showing

(1)Joint space narrowing

(2)Osteophyte formation

39
Q

Signs of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Key findings on x-ray:
Reduced joint space
Generally symmetric

Articular surface erosions
Discontinuities in the bone plate

Periarticular osteopenia
Hypodensity of bone
surrounding the joint

Soft tissue swelling

40
Q

Signs of Gout

A

Key findings on x-ray:
Well-defined erosions with overhanging edges
Normal bone mineralization
Relative sparing of the joint space

Tophi
Appear as soft tissue masses with higher density than surrounding soft tissue
Occasionally they are calcified

41
Q
A

Gout

42
Q

Indications for prompt Orthopedic consultation include:

A

Open fractures

Neurovascular injury with fracture

Extreme swelling/compartment syndrome

Unable to achieve or maintain reduction (including if ED is not experienced in fracture reduction, splinting or casting)

Forearm fractures with elbow or wrist dislocation

43
Q

What type of fracture pattern?

A

communited

44
Q
A

Describe the fracture.
Which bone?
Left humerus
Which part of the bone?
Middle/Midshaft or Diaphysis
Which type of fracture?
Spiral

Midshaft spiral fracture of the left humerus

45
Q
A

Describe the fracture.
Which bone?
Right radius
Which part of the bone?
Distal or metaphysis
Which type of fracture?
Transverse

Distal transverse fracture of the right radius

46
Q
A

CMT-dos (95 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions