describing data (w3)

Question 1

what is a population

Answer 1

complete set of objects

Question 2

what is a sample

Answer 2

a subset of a given population

Question 3

what makes a good sample

Answer 3

careful considerations on sub-categories to ensure sample reliably represents population; once samples determined, should not be modified to get a better conclusion (cherry picking)

Question 4

what is a variable, what is a variable in research

Answer 4

set of related events that can take on more than one value, in research it’s something that can be changed such as a characteristic or value

Question 5

what is statistical inference

Answer 5

about figuring out how well a property of one variable can be predicted (inferred) by that of another variable

Question 6

what are 2 main types of variable and what are they

Answer 6

independent - predictors
dependent - outcomes

Question 7

what are IV’s

Answer 7

variable representing the value being changed or manipulated, controlled or selected to determine its relationship on a observed outcome

Question 8

what are DV’s

Answer 8

observed result of the IV being manipulated, may depend on IV

Question 9

DV and IV in relation to research

Answer 9

when conducting research, attempt to
find evidence that DV is dependent to IV

Question 10

examples of levels/conditions or treatments of IV

Answer 10

vaccine study has 2 levels (vaccinated or not), UG year of study has 3 levels (1st, 2nd, 3rd year)

Question 11

example: what are the DVs, IVs and levels of each IV for : examining 3 different types of daily activities (exercise, meditate, drink beer) if they have different effects on daily mood. collect data reporting daily activities and daily mood

Answer 11

1 DV = daily mood rating
3 IVs = exercise, meditation, beer
2 levels for each IV = activity done or not

Question 12

what is a control variable

Answer 12

variables that are kept constant to prevent them influencing the effect of IV on DV

Question 13

what would the CVs be for effect of drinking coffee on quality of sleep

Answer 13

time coffee was drunk, amount of coffee, other activities during evening, etc…

Question 14

what are 4 representative data types in statistics

Answer 14

nominal (categorical)
ordinal
interval
ratio

Question 15

what is a nominal (categorical) variable, egs

Answer 15

cannot be ordered, cannot be counted
country, gender, occupation

Question 16

what is an ordinal variable, egs

Answer 16

can be ordered, cannot be added or subtracted
eg satisfaction rating, education level, spice level

Question 17

what is an interval variable, egs

Answer 17

can be ordered, difference can be measured, cannot compute a ratio between 2 values (=no meaningful 0 exists)
eg exam mark, date, year

Question 18

what is a ratio variable, egs

Answer 18

interval and can take ratio between 2 (= has a meaningful 0)
eg distance, height, annual income

Question 19

how to distinguish between interval and ratio

Answer 19

can it be doubled

Question 20

out of nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio, which are qualitative and quantitative

Answer 20

qual : nominal, ordinal
quant : interval, ratio

Question 21

out of nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio, which are categorical and continuous in jamovi

Answer 21

categorical: nominal, ordinal
continuous: interval, ratio