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Dermatology 1 > Dermis, epidermal appendages > Flashcards

Dermis, epidermal appendages Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

functions of basement membrane zone (BMZ) (4)

A
  • joins the epidermis with dermis
  • establishes tissue architecture
  • selectively permeable to macromolecules
  • communication between dermis and epidermis
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2
Q

conditions of BMZ

A

selectively attacked in diseases like bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa, lupus erythematosus, some drug rxns (immune and genetic issues)

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3
Q

functions of the dermis

A
  • supports and nourishes the epidermis

- interacts with epidermis during embryogenesis, morphogenesis, wound repair and remodeling

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4
Q

what’s so fucking special about the dermis?

A

it’s the thickest part of the skin! only slightly important…

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5
Q

what makes up the matrix of the dermis

A

fibers, ground substance, cells, blood vessels, and nerves

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6
Q

cells of the dermis (4)

A
  • fibroblasts
  • mast cells
  • histiocytic cells/histiocytes
  • melanocytes (in some species)
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7
Q

purpose of fibroblasts

A
  • produce collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, and ground substance
  • produce fibronectin (wound healing, cell-cell interaction, adhesion)
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8
Q

purpose of mast cells

A
  • type I hypersensitivity reactions

- cross linking of 2 allergen-specific IgE antibodies bound to mast cell surface –> mast cell degranulation

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9
Q

what do mast cells contain and what do those things do

A
  • contain histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, proteolytic enzmes
  • induce clinical signs of inflammation
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10
Q

what are histiocytes

A
  • tissue monocytes that can become activated to macrophages
  • dermal dendritic cells –> antigen processing and presenting
  • present around vessels
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11
Q

what are histiocytes that have phagocytized melanin called

A

melanophages

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12
Q

what fiber makes up 90% of the dermis

A

collagen

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13
Q

what is collagen

A
  • major fiber of the dermis
  • provides tensile strength
  • continuously synthesized and degraded
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14
Q

what is a disease characterized by enzymatic defects in collagen synthesis –> causes skin tearing

A

ehlers-danlos syndrome

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15
Q

what are the 4 fibers of the dermis

A
  • collagen
  • elastic fibers
  • reticulin fibers
  • muscle fibers
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16
Q

elastic fibers info

A
  • 10% of dermis

- diseases: cutis laxa, solar elastosis

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17
Q

reticulin fibers info

A
  • fine, branching structures
  • surround epidermal appendages, vessels, and nerves
  • <1% of fibers of the dermis
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18
Q

what is the important dermal muscle and what does it do

A
  • arrector pili muscles
  • originate near BMZ, attach to hair follicle near base
  • cause erection of the hairs (smooth muscle)
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19
Q

what does ground substance of the dermis consist of

A
  • several anionic polysaccharides known as glycosaminoglycans
  • in vivo: linked to proteins and known as proteoglycans
  • produced/degraded by fibroblasts and mast cells
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20
Q

functions of ground substance (2)

A
  • interactions with collagen and cell surfaces

- influence water binding and flow of solutes

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21
Q

what are present in high numbers in the skin of shar peis

A

proteoglygans

22
Q

what is cutaneous mucinosis in shar peis

A

abnormally high quantities of proteoglycans

23
Q

what is myxedema

A

large quantity of ground substance related to hypothyroidism (“tragic facial expression”)

24
Q

does hairy skin have a more complicated or less complicated superficial dermal surface than non-haired skin?

A

less complicated

25
Q

where are rete ridges found

A
  • glabrous skin has prominent dermal papillae (rete ridges)

- footpads and nasal planum

26
Q

what is dermis divided in

A
  • papillary dermis (superficial) –> more cellular, finer fibers
  • reticular dermis (deep) –> less cellular, coarse fibers
27
Q

in hairy animals, where are dermal papillae found

A

non-haired skin only (not present in haired skin)

28
Q

define: hypodermis/subcutis/panniculum adiposum

A

subcutaneous tissue below the dermis composed primarily of fat (lipocytes grouped together in lobules)

29
Q

functions of hypodermis (4)

A
  • fat storage
  • heat insulation
  • body contour
  • shock absorption (footpads)
30
Q

what is sterile inflammation of the hypodermis

A

sterile nodular panniculitis –> nodules that may or may not drain

31
Q

what are the epidermal appendages

A

sebaceous glands, sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine), hair and follicles, claws, nails, hooves, horns

32
Q

sebaceous glands info

A
  • present throughout haired skin
  • empty info hair follicle
  • sebum forms an emulsion that lubricates, aids in water retention, etc –> bacteriostasis, fungistasis
33
Q

factors that increase sebum production

A
  • androgens
  • progesterone
  • thyroid hormones
34
Q

factors that decrease sebum production

A
  • corticosteroids (glucocorticoids)

- estrogen

35
Q

what can dietary fat deficiencies do to sebum production

A

can increase or decrease production and have qualitative changes

36
Q

2 diseases associated with sebaceous glands

A
  • sebaceous adenitis

- sebaceous hyperplasia or adenomas

37
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A
  • most extensive in domestic animals
  • present throughout haired skin
  • apocrine secretion + sebum = emulsion on skin/hair
38
Q

why are apocrine glands important in horses

A
  • temperature regulation

- anhydrosis –> inability to sweat (can lead to hyperthermia)

39
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A
  • not associated with hair follicles

- restructed to footpads, frogs of ungulates, carpus/snout of pig, nasal planum

40
Q

what things make up the pilo-sebaceous/apocrine apparatus

A
  • hair follicle
  • sebaceous glands
  • apocrine glands
41
Q

what is the dilation at the base of the hair follicle

A

a bulb that encloses the dermal papilla

42
Q

3 phases of hair growth cycle

A
  • anagen: growth phase
  • catagen: intermediate phase
  • telogen: resting phase
43
Q

when are melanocytes of the hair bulb active

A

only during anagen

44
Q

factors affecting hair growth (3)

A
  • hormones
  • nutrution
  • diseases
45
Q

hormones and hair growth

A
  • thyroid hormone initiates anagen (hypothyroidism –> alopecia)
  • glucocorticods and estrogen inhibit anagen (cushings, ovarian tumor –> alopecia)
46
Q

nutrition and hair growth

A

deficiency in dietary protein can lead to abnormal color and structure of hairs

47
Q

what is telogen defluxion

A
  • 2-3 months after stressful event

- result of excessive glucocorticoid secretion –> inhibition of anagen

48
Q

simple follicles

A
  • one hair emerging from single hair follicle pore
  • follicle is large and rooted deep in dermis
  • associated sebaceous and apocrine glands plus arrector pili muscle
  • omnivores and herbivores
49
Q

compound follicles

A
  • combination of primary and secondary follicles
  • secondary follicles are smaller, buds from primary, lack apocrine gland and arrector pili muscle
  • multiple hairs from a single hair follicle pore
  • dogs, cats, goats, ferrets, sheep
50
Q

parts of the hair

A
  • shaft: free portion above skin surface

- root: proximal portion inside follicle (root attached by hair bulb to underlying papilla)

51
Q

layers of the hair (3)

A
  • cuticle (outermost layer)
  • cortex (keratinized cells, melanin)
  • medulla (loose cells, melanin, little influence on hair color) –> not all hairs have a medulla
52
Q

types of hair

A
  • primary (guard hairs)
  • secondary (undercoat)
  • lanugo (non-medullated, not in dogs/cats after birth)
  • wool
  • sinus/tactile (whiskers –> sensory)

Dermatology 1 (4 decks)

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