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Level 7 Exam > Dermatology & Skin Ageing > Flashcards

Dermatology & Skin Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4/5 layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale (deepest)
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2
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary (20%)
Reticular (80%) = deep coarse elastin and thick collagen

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3
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

Connects skin to underlying tissues
Connective tissue which contains fat, blood vessels + sensory receptors

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4
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

15-30 flattened dead skin cell layers
Mechanical barrier to prevent hydration loss
Renewed every 4-weeks

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5
Q

What layer is only present in hairless thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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6
Q

Where are the first signs of keratinisation seen?

A

Stratum granulosum

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7
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes which form strong bonds between each other using desmosome
produce keratin
Contain Langerhans cells (immune cells)

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8
Q

What cell types are found in the stratum basale?

A

Merkels cells (touch receptors)
Melanocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of the stratum basale?

A

Single layer of basal cells which produce all keratinocytes

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10
Q

How do we achieve a smooth epidermis?

A

Damaged epidermis responds by increasing production of keratinocytes and lipids = rejuvinated skin and cell to cell communication improved

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11
Q

What 3 pigments contribute to skin colour?

A
  1. Melanin (number usually same but amount of pigment varies)
  2. Haemoglobin
  3. Carotene (precursor to vit A, stored in stratum corneum)
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12
Q

What are the 2 types of melanin?

A

Pheomelanin (pink/red)
Eumelanin (yellow/brown/black)

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13
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

Dermis

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14
Q

What is lanugo hair?

A

fine + long, formed from 20 weeks gestation

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15
Q

What is vellus hair?

A

Covers most of body, light short and fine

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16
Q

What is terminal hairs?

A

Vellus becomes terminal in puberty in scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, pubic areas

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17
Q

How do we get goosebumps?

A

COld environment = arrector pili contract = goose bumps

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18
Q

What are the 3 phases of hair growth cycle?

A
  1. Growing phase (80-90% hairs) years on scalp but months on eyebrows
  2. Resting phase 3-4 wks (10-20% in this phase)
  3. Shedding phase (less than 1% in this phase)
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19
Q

What are the 2 main types of sweat glands and what are their differences?

A

Merocrine (ECCRINE) = thin and watery, involuntary nervous system
APOCRINE = thick secretions, active from puberty, driven by adrenaline

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20
Q

What are some of the functions of the skin? (HINT: there’s 7)

A
  1. Protection
  2. Regulation of body temp
  3. Synthesis of vit D
  4. Sensory function
  5. Preventing loss of essential body fluids
  6. Immunological function
  7. Absorption
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21
Q

How does melanin function against UV?

A

UVR is harmful to skin & damages their DNA. Melanin absorbs & dissipates the radiation, reducing DNA damage to skin.

22
Q

What are the 2 ways the body thermoregulates?

A

Sweat glands secrete sweat
Blood vessels in skin dilate so circulating blood comes closer to skins surface

23
Q

What are Merkels disks?

A

Found near epidermis base
Densely distributed in fingertips and lips
Unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch

24
Q

What are meissners corpuscles?

A

Tactile corpusles found in upper dermis but project into epidermis
Respond to fine touch, pressure and low-frequency vibration/flutter

25
Q

What are ruggini endings?

A

Bulbous corpuscles found in deeper dermis
Detect skin stretching, joint alterations and warmth
Provide valuable proprioceptive and kinaesthetic feedback, essential for gripping objects and controlling finger position/movement

26
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles?

A

Detect rapid mechanical changes in pressure and high frequency vibration
Found in joint capsules, pancreas, breast, genitals

27
Q

What are some examples of resident skin microflora?

A

Staphylococcus
Micrococcus
Corynebacterium

28
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Any group of micro-organisms in which their cells stick to each other on a surface

29
Q

What are the visual differences between intrinsic and extrinsic ageing?

A

Intrinsic = fine lines, minimal pigment changes, even texture, no skin thickening
Extrinsic = coarse craggy skin, pigmentation, uneven skin texture, premature lines and wrinkles

30
Q

What % does extrinsic ageing contribute to the ageing process? Of this, how much is from UV?

A

90%
80% of which is from UVR

31
Q

What is UVC?

A

Ultra short wavelength and screened out by atmospheric ozone layer with very little reaching surface of planet

32
Q

What is the difference between UVA and UVB?

A

UVA = ageing, can penetrate clothing, glass, cloud
UVB = burning, screened out by glass etc

33
Q

What are the 2 main differences between fair skin and skin of colour?

A
  • Differences in fibroblasts = increased risk of hypertrophic scars in darker skins
  • Differences in distribution & amount of melanin providing a natural UVR protection which delays the features of photoaging in dark skins by approx. 10 years compared to Caucasians
34
Q

What is melasma? What can contribute to its development?

A

Skin appears grey-to-brown in colour
Contributers = pregnancy, hormonal drugs, cosmetics containing perfume, stress, sun exposure, use of sun beds

35
Q

What is beckers naevi?

A

area of pigmentation covered in hair
Needs referral to dermatologist

36
Q

What is Type I hypersensitivity?

A

IgE mediated
Anaphylaxis, urticaria and angioedema

37
Q

What is Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Drugs e.g. rifampicin, penicillin, cephalosporin and sulfonamides
Purpuric reaction

38
Q

What is Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Vasculitis and can present as ‘serum sickness’ rash and urticaria

39
Q

What is Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Cell mediated delayed hypersensitivity
Contact dermatitis and photoallergic reactions

40
Q

How do moisturisers contribute to hydration?

A
  1. Repair barrier function
  2. Reduce water loss
  3. Increase water content
41
Q

What is SPF rating mean?

A

measure of how much longer skin covered by sunscreen would take to become erythematous (aka burn)

42
Q

What are humectant moisturises/how do they work?

A

Hydrate the skin by drawing water internally from external environment and from deeper epidermis thereby increasing water content of stratum corneum
usually from HA, glycerin, B5 or B3

43
Q

What are AHA/BHA?

A

Chemical exfoliators, increase skin cell turnover
AHA = glycolic acid and lactic acid
BHA = salicyclic acid

44
Q

If someone is finding AHA irritating, what can be used as alternative?

A

PHAs

45
Q

Are peptides effective?

A

Limiting evidence - concerns molecule is too large to cross skin-barrier

46
Q

How does action of chemical peels differ from microneedling?

A

Chemical peels chemoexfoliate which increases keratinocyte production rate
Microneedling provokes skin to regenerate and stimulate new keratinocytes + fibroblasts

47
Q

What is mesotherapy?

A

Intradermal injection of solution of ingredients which nourish + stimulate the skin to improve skin texture, skin tone and even more pigmentation

48
Q

What vitamin promotes collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

49
Q

Is salicylic acid lipid soluble?

A

Yes

50
Q
A

Level 7 Exam (6 decks)

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