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Second Year > Dermatology - anatomy and structure and function > Flashcards

Dermatology - anatomy and structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of fascia and describe them

A

Superficial - subcut - connective tissue and fat

Deep - Tough - dense connective

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2
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the hand?

A

Deep and superficial palmar arches

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3
Q

What part of the venous drainage system accompanies the brachial artery?

A

Venae Comitantes

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4
Q

What vein connects the cephalic vein and the basilica vein?

A

Median Cubital vein

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5
Q

What is medial and what is lateral out of the cephalic vein and the basilic vein

A

Cephalic - lateral

Basilic - medial

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6
Q

Where is the adductor hiatus?

A

Between the adductor magnus and the femur

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the adductor hiatus?

A

To allow the passage of vessels from the anterior thigh to the posterior thigh

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8
Q

Where is the arcuate artery found?

A

The dorsum of the foot - but its also in the KIDNEY!

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9
Q

Tell me about the Great saphenous vein

A

Superficial venous drainage

From the dorsal venous arch, in front of the medial malleolus and drains into the femoral vein

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10
Q

Tell me about the small saphenous vein

A

Superficial venous drainage
Dorsal venous arch behind the medial malleolus
Drains into popliteal vein

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11
Q

What are digital arteries

A

End arteries

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12
Q

Why would you not use adrenaline containing local anaesthetic near end arteries?

A

Can constrict blood flow and reduce the blood supply

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13
Q

What two mechanisms can cause ischaemia?

A

Reduced arterial perfusion

Increased venous drainage pressure

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14
Q

What is skin ulceration?

A

Superficial microcirculatory deficiencies

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15
Q

Where is the most common site for ulceration?

A

The gaiter area, the medial aspect of the distal leg

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16
Q

What is the epidermis made from?

A

Stratified cellular epithelium

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17
Q

Ectoderm layers form a single layer of the ???

A

Periderm

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18
Q

What are the layers of epithelium

A

Keratin, granular, prickle, basal or Come, Let’s Get Sun Burned

stratum Corneum
stratum Lucidum
stratum Granulosum
stratum Spinosum
stratum Basale.
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19
Q

How long does it take keratinocytes to move to the basement membrane

A

28 days

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20
Q

How thick is the basal layer

A

1 cell

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21
Q

What shape are prickle cells

A

Polyhedral

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22
Q

How thick is the granular layer

A

2-3 layers of keratohyalin granules, odland bodies and high lipid content

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23
Q

What do keratohylain granules contain?

A

Structural filaggrin and involucrin proteins

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24
Q

HPV infection of the keratinocytes causes what?

A

Warts

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25
Q

Tell me about Merkel cells

A

Oval receptor cells, found in the skin of vertebrates that have synaptic contacts with somatosensory afferents

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26
Q

What is the dermis formed from

A

Mesoderm

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27
Q

What does the dermis contain

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, collagen and elastin

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28
Q

Where do melanocytes originate from?

A

The neural crest (these arise from the embryonic ectoderm layer)

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29
Q

What do melanosomes do?

A

Convert tyrosine to melanin pigment

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30
Q

What do melanin caps do?

A

Protect the nuclear DNA in basal cells

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31
Q

What are inside melanocytes?

A

Melanosomes, golgi, nucleus, ER and mitochondrion

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32
Q

What is vitiligo

A

Autoimmune disease with loss of melanocytes

33
Q

Tell me about Eumelanin

A

Brown to black

34
Q

Tell me about phaeomelanin

A

Red, yellow

35
Q

Where are prickle cells found

A

lymph nodes

36
Q

What is the racket organelle

A

Birbeck granule

37
Q

Merkel cells are found where

A

in the basal cells

38
Q

What is merkel cell carcinoma caused by

A

Merkel cell polyomavirus - found frequently on the skin

39
Q

Where are the ocular mucosal membranes found?

A

Lacrimal glands, eye lashes, sebaceous glands

40
Q

Why is the inside of the mouth red?

A

Because the epidermis is translucent and you are looking at the dermal vascular plexus. Anywhere white in the mouth shows the epidermis is thickened

41
Q

When does gastrulation take place and what is it?

A

Organisation into germ layers, days 7-10

42
Q

What is the arrector pili attached to?

A

Hair

43
Q

Apocrine glands are found where?

A

Axillae, nipples, ear canal, eyelids and genitalia

44
Q

What are blaschko lines?

A

Developmental growth patterns of the skin, normally invisible but visible when diseased

45
Q

What are the functions of the skin

A

Barrier function, metabolism (vitamin D, thyroid hormone), thermoregulation, immune defence, communication, sensory functions

46
Q

What is erythroderma?

A

Exfoliative dermatitis, exacerbation of an underlying skin disease

47
Q

Name a barrier dysfunction

A

Steroid sulphatase deficiency X linked ichthyosis, hereditary deficiency of the steroid sulfatase

48
Q

How far can visible and IR light travel in the skin?

A

To the subcut tissue

49
Q

How far do UVA and B travel?

A

Dermis

50
Q

What does UV have a damaging effect against?

A

Folic acid

51
Q

What is the purpose of melanin?

A

It absorbs UV to protect DNA in the nuclei

52
Q

What does cholecalciferol turn into in the presence of UV light?

A

Vitamin D3

53
Q

What is Vitamin D stored as in the liver?

A

Hydroxycholecalciferol

54
Q

What is hydroxycholecalciferol then converted to in the kidney?

A

1,25 - dihydroxycholecaliferol

55
Q

What is thyroid metabolism?

A

Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine

56
Q

What are scabies mites called?

A

Sarcoptes Scabiei

57
Q

Crusted scabies is more likely to happen in what group of people?

A

The immunosuppressed

58
Q

What is Tuberculoid leprosy? Hansen’s disease

A

A chronic infectious disease, primarily affecting the peripheral nerves, skin, URT. Caused by mycobacterium leprae

59
Q

What is eczema herpeticum disseminated from?

A

Herpes simplex virus

60
Q

What is pacinian corpuscle and what do they sense

A

the sensory feature of the skin - pressure and vibration - also known as lamellar corpuscles

61
Q

What are hair follicles called?

A

Pilosebaceous units

62
Q

What are the hair growth phases?

A 
Anagen = growing
Catagen = involuting
Telogen = resting
63
Q

What are the different hair types?

A

Lanugo - fine soft hair which covers the body and limbs of a foetus
Vellus - fine short, light coloured
Terminal - thick, long and dark

64
Q

What is virilisation?

A

Masculinisation - due to excess androgen from a tumour

65
Q

What does chemotherapy do to the hair cycle?

A

It causes it to synchronise and it all falls out together

66
Q

What causes hair loss after pregnancy?

A

A drop in progesterone- new hormone or contraception could do the same

67
Q

What are the layers of the nail plate?

A

Dorsal –> intermediate –> ventral

68
Q

What is the DEJ made from ?

A

Basal cells, hemidesmosomes, lamina lucida, lamina densa

69
Q

What causes epidermolysis bullosa?

A

A mutation in one of the proteins

70
Q

What types of epidermolysis bullosa are there?

A

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex - blistering in the upper layer of the skin - most common type
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa - blistering below the basement membrane
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa - blistering at the DEJ, most severe

71
Q

What are the types of pemphigus

A

Vulgaris ( usually starting in the mouth) and foliates (affects the skin and tends to be more itchy and painful)

72
Q

What is the tract of blood flow in the skin?

A

Arteriole –> precapillary sphincter –> arterial capillaries –> venous capillaries –> post capillary venule –> collecting venule

73
Q

What are the components of the dermis

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, collagen, elastin, blood vessels, lymphatics

74
Q

What is a port wine stain?

A

A birth mark - overgrowth of blood vessels

75
Q

Tell me about the special receptors?

A

Pacinian (pressure, deeper, looks like an onion on histology)
Meissners (vibration)

76
Q

Tell me about the types of neurofibromatosis?

A

Type 1 - in early life may cause learning and behavioural problems, cafe au lait spots , growths on the iris, scoliosis, nerve tissue grows tumours
Type 2 -
bilateral acoustic neuromas (CN VIII)
Schwannomatosis -
development on spinal and peripheral nerves - mutation in the NF1 allele

77
Q

Tell me about the sebaceous glands

A

Pilosebaceous
Largest glands found on the face and chest and back
Hormone sensitive
Produce sebum (squalene, wax ester, triglycerides and free fatty acids)
To control moisture, protection from bacterial and fungal infection

78
Q

Tell me about apocrine glands

A

Sweat glands
Axillae and perineum
Androgen dependent
Produce oily fluid

79
Q

Tell me about eccrine glands

A

Whole skin surface - palms, soles and axillae in particular

Sympathetic cholinergic nerve supply

Second Year (2 decks)

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