Dermatology Flashcards
1
Q
How are steroids used in eczema?
A
Use the weakest steroid cream which controls symptoms
Mild:
Hydrocortisone 0.5-2.5%
Moderate:
Betnovate RD (betamethasone valerate 0.025%)
Eumovate (clobetasone butyrate 0.05%
Potent:
Cutivate (luticasone proprionate 0.05%)
Betnovate (betamethasone valerate 0.1%)
Very potent:
Dermovate (clobetasol proprionate 0.05%)
2
Q
How is eczema managed?
A
General emollients +/- steroids
Continue treatment for 48h after flare has been controlled (aim max 5 days)
3
Q
When should you refer eczema to secondary care?
A
- Uncertain diagnosis
- Uncontrolled eczema (>1/2 flares monthly)
- Facial eczema poor reponse
- Contact allergic dermatitis suspected
- Recurrent secondary infection
- Significant social or psychological problems
Eczema herpeticum - rapidly progressing painful rash with monomorphic punched out erosions (ulcerated)
Admit for IV aciclovir
4
Q
What is pompholyx? How is it managed?
A
aka dyshidrotic eczema
- Affects hands and feet
- Precipitated by humidity and high temperatures
- Intensly itchy blisters on palms and soles
Management:
- Cool compresses and emolients +/- topical steroids
5
Q
How is psoriasis managed?
A
1st line:
Potent corticosteroid OD + vit D analogue (one in morn one in eve) for up to 4 weeks as initial treatment
2nd line (no improvement after 8 weeks):
Vitamin D analogue BD
3rd line (no improvement after 8-12 weeks):
Potent steroid BD for up to 4 weeks or coal tar preparation OD
Can also use short-acting dithranol
Use alongside emollients
6
Q
How is scalp psoriasis managed?
A
Potent topical corticosteroids OD for 4 weeks
If nil improvement use a different formulation (eg. shampoo/mousse) or agents to remove scale (eg. salicylic acid) before application of the steroid
6
Q
How are face, flexural and genital psoriasis managed?
A
Mild-moderate potency corticosteroid OD/BD for a maximum of 2 weeks
Reduced time as these areas are prone to steroid atrophy
7
Q
How long should steroids be used for?
A
Potent - 8 weeks max
Very potent - 4 weeks max
Should have a 4 week break before starting another course
8
Q
How do
a) vitamin D analogues work?
b) dithranol work?
A
a) eg. calcipotriol (dovonex), calcitriol, tacalcitol
- Work be decreasing cell division and differentiation to decrease epidermal proliferation
- Can be used long time
- Avoid in pregnancy
b) - Inhibits DNA synthesis
- Wash off after 30 mins as can burn/stain
9
Q
What is the pathophysiology of psoriasis?
A
- Multifactorial and not fully understood
- Associations with HLA-B13-B17 and -CW6
- Abnormal T cell activity stimulates keratinocyte proliferation
- Can be worsened be environmental factors eg. trauma, strep infection
10
Q
What are the different types of psoriasis?
A
- Plaque psoriasis: the most common sub-type resulting in the typical well-demarcated red, scaly patches affecting the extensor surfaces, sacrum and scalp
- Flexural psoriasis: in contrast to plaque psoriasis the skin is smooth
- Guttate psoriasis: transient psoriatic rash frequently triggered by a streptococcal infection. Multiple red, teardrop lesions appear on the body
- Pustular psoriasis: commonly occurs on the palms and soles
10
Q
What are the complications/associations of psoriasis?
A
- Psoriatic arthropathy
- Metabolic syndrome
- CV disease
- VTE risk increased
- Psychological distress
11
Q
What nail changes are seen with psoriatic arthropathy?
A
- Pitting
- Oncholysis
- Subungual hyperkeratosis
- Loss of nail
12
Q
Which factors can exacerbate psoriasis?
A
- Trauma
- Alcohol
- Drugs - B-blockers, lithiu, antimalarials, NSAIDs, ACEis, infliximab
- Withdrawal of systemic steroids
- Strep infection (guttate)
13
Q
What is Auspitz sign?
A
Red membrane with pinpoint bleeding - seen after remove of scale in psoriasis
14
Q
What are the 2 types of contact dermatitis?
A
- Irritate - non-allergic due to weak acids or alkalis. Often on hands. Erythema typical
- Allergic - type 4 hypersensitivity reaction due to hair dye. Often on scalp, acute weeping eczema. Treat with potent steroid.
Cement can cause BOTH
Diagnose with skin patch test
15
Q
What is urticaria? How is it managed?
A
Allergic (or non-allergic) swelling of the skin
Treat with non-sedating antihistamines
Prednisolone if severe
16
Q
What is dermatitis herpetiformis?
A
`Autoimmune blistering skin disorder associated with coeliac
Caused by deposition of IgA in granular pattern in upper dermis (can be seen on skin biopsy with immunofluorescence)
17
Q
How is dermatitis herpetiformis managed?
A
- Gluten-free diet
- Dapsone (antibiotic)
18
Q
What is impetigo?
A
A bacterial skin infection by staph aureus or strep pyogenes
Common in children, spread by direct contact with discharge from scabs - incubation period 4-19
19
Q
How is impetigo managed?
A
1st line - Hydrogen peroxide 1% cream
2nd line - Topical fusidic acid
3rd line - Topical mupirocin
Extensive disease - oral fluclox (erythromycin if pen allergic)
Exclude childern from school until lesions are crusted and healed or 48h after commencing abx
20
Q
What is seborrhoeic dermatitis?
A
Chronic dermatitis secondary to proliferation of a fungas called malassezia furfur
Features:
- eczematous areas on sebum rich areas
- otitis externa and blepharitis
Associations:
- HIV
- PD
21
Q
How is seborrhoeic dermatitis managed?
A
SCALP:
1st line - Ketoconazole 2% shampoo
2nd line - zinc/tar preparations
3rd line - selenium, topical corticosteroids
FACE/BODY:
1st line - topical antifungals
2nd line - short course topical steroids
22
Q
What is tinea? What are the 3 main types?
A
Dermatophyte fungal infections:
- Tinea capitis (scalp)
- Tinea corporis (trunk, leg, arms)
- Tinea pedis (feet)
23
What are the features of tinea capitis? How is it treated?
- Commonly caused by trichophyton tonsurans
- Can be due to microsporum canis from cats/dogs
- Diagnose with scalp scrapings
- If untreated may become a kerion (spongy/boggy mass)
Management:
- Oral antifungals; terbinafine for TT and griseofulvin for MC infections
- Topical ketoconazole for first 2 weeks to reduce transmission
24
What are the features of tinea corporis? How is it managed?
- Caused include trichophyton rubrum/verrucosum (cattle)
- Well defined annular erythematous lesions with pustules and papules
Management:
- Oral fluconazole
25
What are the features of tinea pedis (athletes foot)? How is it managed?
- Itchy, peeling skin between toes
Management:
- Topical terbinafine
26
How is a Wood's lamp used in tinea diagnosis?
Lesions due to trichophyton species do not readily fluoresce under a Woods lamp
Management:
- topical terbinafine/-zole
- mild steroid if inflammed
27
What is onchomycosis? How is it managed?
- Fungal nail infection, usually due to dermatophytes )eg. trichophyton)
- Can be caused by candida
- Investigate with nail clippings and scrapings
Management:
- No treatment if asymptomatic
- If confirmed organism, start topical treatment with amorolfine nail lacquer for 6-12 months
- If more extensive dermatophyte involvement start oral terbinafine (check LFTs) for 3-6 moths
- If more extensive candida involvement start oral itraconazole weekly
28
What are the features of scabies? How is it managed?
Features:
- Caused by sarcoptes scabiei mite which burrows into the skin, laying its eggs in the stratum corneum
- Itch is due to a delayed type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
- Widespread pruritus, linear burrows
Management:
1st line - permethrin 5%
2nd line - malathion 0.5%
Treat household and close physical contacts at same time and apply all over - allow to dry and leave on skin before washing off. Repeat treatment 7d later.
29
What are the features of bullous pemphigoid?
- Sub-epidermal blistering of skin due to development of antibodies against hemidsemosomal proteins BP180/BP 230 (autoimmune)
- Common in older patients
- Itchy, tense blisters around flexures
- Absence of mucosal involvement
- Skin biopsy shows IgG and C3 at dermoepidermal junction
30
How is bullous pemphigoid managed?
- Refer to dermatology for biopsy and diagnosis
- Oral corticosteroids +/- immunosuppresants
31
What are the features of pemphigus vulgaris?
- AI disease caused by antibodies against desmoglein 3
- More common in Ashkenazi Jewish population
- MUCOSAL ULCERATION and skin blistering
- Skin biopsy shows acantholysis (absent in bullous pemphigoid)
32
How is pemphigus vulgaris managed?
- Steroids +/- immunosuppresants
33
What is chondrodermatitis nodular helicis? How is it managed?
- Common benign painful nodule that develops on the ear
- Due to persistne pressure eg. sleep position, headset
Management:
- Foam ear protectors to reduce pressure
- Cryotherapy, steroid injection, collagen injection
- High recurrence rate
34
What is a dermatofibroma? How is it managed?
AKA histiocytoma
- Common benign fibrous skin lesion
- Usually secondary to trauma
- 5-10mm firm papule typically located on limb
Management:
- Nil required ?surgical
35
What are keloid scars? How are they managed?
- Tumour-like lesions that arise from the connective tissue of a scar
- More common in those with dark skin and in young adults
Management:
- Reduce incidence by making incisions along relaxed skin tension lines
- Intra-lesional steroids eg. triamcinolone if early
- Excision if severe
36
What is a keratoacanthoma? How is it managed?
- Benign epithelial tumour
- Initially smooth then grows to crater/volcano
Management:
- Spontaneous regression within 3 months is common
- Urgently excise all lesions to exclude SCC
37
What is an actinic keratosis? How is it managed?
- Common premalignant skin lesion secondary to sun expoure
- Tend to be crusty or scaly
Management:
- 2-3 week course of topical fluorouracil (may require topical steroids for inflammation)
- Topical diclofenac if mild
- Topical imiquimoid
- Cryo/curettage
38
What is a seborrhoeic keratosis? How is it managed?
- Epidermal skin lesion seen in older people
- Stuck on appearance (less crusty than AKs)
Management:
- Reassurance
- Can remove if annoying
39
What are the 3 main types of skin cancer?
1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
40
What are the features of BCC? How is it managed?
Features:
- Rodent ulcers, slow growing and locally invasive
- Most common type is nodular
- Initially pearly, flesh coloured papule with telangectasia, but may ulcerate later leaving a crater
Management:
- Refer routinely to Derm
- Surgical/curettage/cryotherapy/topical creams/radiotherapy
41
What are the features of SCC and the risk factors?
Features:
- Rapidly expanding painless ulcerate nodules, cauliflower appearance with bleeding
- Rare to metastasize
Risk factors:
- Sun exposure
- AKs and Bowens disease
- Immunosuppression
- Smoking
- Marjolin's ulcers
- Genetic conditions
42
How are SCCs managed?
<20mm - excise with 4mm margin
>20mm - excise with 6mm margine
Mohns micrographic surgery if high-risk or cosmetically important site
43
When should a ?MM be referred 2WW?
Weighted 7 point checklist (refer if 3 or more)
Major features (2):
- Change in size
- Irregular shape
- Irregular colour
Minor features (1):
- Largest diameter 7mm or more
- Inflammation
- Oozing
- Change in sensation
Also refer if pigmented nail changes, persistent skin condition, any doubt or biopsy confirmed
44
What is the most prognositc indicator in malignant melanoma?
Breslow thickness
<0.75mm - 95-100% survival
0.76-1.50mm - 80-96% survival
1.51-4mm - 60-75% survival
>4mm - 50% survival
45
How is malignant melanoma managed?
- Surgery
- Radiotherapy
- Targeted drugs/immunotherapy
46
How is acne characterised?
Mild: open and closed comedones with or without sparse inflammatory lesions
Moderate: widespread non-inflammatory lesions and numerous papules and pustules
Severe: extensive inflammatory lesions, which may include nodules, pitting, and scarring
47
How is mild to moderate acne managed?
1st line - 12 week course of either:
- Topical adapalene + topical benzoyl peroxide
- Topical tretinoin + topical clindamycin
- Topical benzoyl peroxide + topical clindamycine
48
How is moderate to severe acne managed?
1st line - 12 week course of either:
- Topical adapalene + topical benzoyl peroxide
- Topical tretinoin + topical clindamycin
- Topical adapalene + topical benzoyl peroxide + ORAL LYMECYCLINE/DOXYCYCLINE
- Topical azelaic acid + ORAL LYMECYCLINE/DOXYCYCLINE
Avoid tetracyclines if pregnant (erythromycin instead)/breastfeeding/below 12
If containing abx should stop after 6 months
2nd line - COCP (dianette 3 months, high VTE risk), oral isotretinoin (specialist)
49
What complication may occur due to long term abx use in acne and how is it managed?
Gram-negative folliculitis > high dose oral trimethoprim
50
What is conglobate acne?
A rare and severe form of acne found in men which presents with extensive inflammatory papules, suppurative nodules +/- sinuses, and cysts on the trunk
REFER TO DERM!
51
What are the features of pityriasis rosea? How is it managed?
- Acute self limiting rash in young adults
- Likely due to HHV-7 virus
- Herald patch seen on trunk, followed by erythematous oval scaly patches producing a 'fir tree apperance'
Management:
- Self limiting, goes away after 6-12 weeks
52
What are the features of pityriasis versicolor? How is it managed?
- Superfical cutaneous fungal infection due to malassezia furfur
- Hypopigmented patches that come out in the sun, mildly itchy
Management:
- Topical ketoconazole
- 2nd line oral itraconazole
53
What is vitiligo? How is it managed?
- Autoimmune condition causing loss of melanocytes and depigmentation
- Assoc with T1DM, addisons, thyroid, pernicious anaemia, alopecia areata
- May be preciptated by trauma (Koebner phenomenon)
Management:
- Sunblock
- Make up
- Steroids may reverse changes if applied early
- Specialist initiation of topical tacrolimus and phototherapy
54
What are the subtypes of alopecia?
Scarring:
- Trauma, burns
- Radiotherapy
- Lichen planus
- Discoid lupus
- Tinea capitis
Non-scarring:
- Male pattern baldness
- Drugs
- Iron and zinc deficiency
- Alopecia areata
- Telogen effluvium (hair loss during stress)
- Trichotillomania
55
What is alopecia areata? How is it managed?
- Autoimmune condition causing PATCHY DEMARCATED hair loss
Management:
- Steroids, minozidil, phototherapy, dithranol, contact immunotherapy, wigs
56
What is a pyogenic granuloma? How is it managed?
- A benign, vascular skin lesion that grows rapidly over weeks or months and may bleed
- Common in young adults and pregnant women
- Initially a small red spot and rapidly grows to a spherical brown lesion which bleeds/ulcerates
Management:
- Lesions in pregnancy often resolve post-partum
- Otherwise, curettage/cauterisation/cryotherapy/excision
57
What is lichen planus?
- Immune-mediated disorder causing itchy PAPULAR rash on PALMS, soles, genitals, and flexors
- Polygonal rash with white lines on surface (wickham's striae)
- Often have oral involvement (white lace pattern) and nail thinning
- Can be caused by gold,quinine, thiazides
PURPLE, PRURITIC, PAPULAR, POLYGONAL RASH
58
How is lichen planus managed?
- Potent topical steroids
- Benzydamine mouthwash for oral lichen planus
- May require oral steroids or immunosuppression
59
What is lichen sclerosis?
- Porcelain-white atrophic patches on penis or vulva
60
How is lichen sclerosis managed?
Cannot be cured; manage symptoms with topical steroids
61
What are the DDx for shin lesions?
- Erythema nodosum
- Pretibisal myxoedema
- Pyoderma gangrenosum
- Necrobiosis lipodica diabeticorum
62
What are the features of erythema nodosum?
- Symmetrical, erythematous, tender nodules which heal without scarring within 6 weeks
- Due to inflammation of subcutaneous fat
- Secondary to strep infection, sarcoidosis, IBD, drugs (penicillin, sulphonamides, COCP), malignancy, pregnancy, TB
63
What are the features of pretibial myxoedema?
- Symmetrical, erythematous lesions seen in Graves disease
- Shiny, orange peel skin
64
What are the features of pyoderma gangrenosum?
- Initially small red papule, later deep red/necrotic ulcer with a violaceous border
- Idiopathic in 50%
- Seen in IBD, connective tissue disorders, myeloproliferative disorders
65
What are the features of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum?
- Shiny painless areas of yellow/red skin on shin of diabetics
- Often associated with telangectasia
66
What is erythema multiforme?
- Hypersensitivity reaction commonly triggered by infection
- Target lesions seen on hands/feet before spreading to torso and upper limbs
- Due to viruses (HSV), bacteria, drus, connective tissue disorders, sarcoidosis, malignancy
- Severe form (major) associated ith mucosal involvement
67
What is Steven-Johnson Syndrome? Which drugs cause it?
- Severe systemic reaction (<10% TBSA) almost always due to a drug
- Penicillin, sulphonamides, antiepileptics, allopurinol, NSAIDs, COCP
- Maculopapular with target lesions that blister and mucosal involvement
- Associated with systemic symptoms
- Must admit to hospital for supportive treatment
68
What is toxic epidermal necrolysis? How is it managed?
- Life threatening skin disorder secondary to drug reaction
- SYSTEMIC SYMPTOMS (>30% TBSA)
- Positive Nikolskys signs (epidermis separates with mild pressure)
Management:
- Stop precipitating factors
- Manage in ICU
- IV immunoglobulin
69
What is livedo reticularis?
Purplish, non-blanching reticulated rash caused by obstruction of capillaries and swollen venules
Usually idopathic, can be due to PAN, SLE, antiphospholipid syndrome, EDS, homocystinuria
70
What is mycosis fungoides?
- A rare form of T-cell lymphoma affecting the skin
- Causes itchy red patches varied in colour
71
What is pellagra?
DERMATITIS (brown scaly rash). DIARRHOEA, DEMENTIA, DEATH
Secondary to niacin deficiency often in context of isoniazid therapy or alcoholism
72
What are the features of shingles?
- Reactivation of VZV causing acute, unilateral, painful blistering rash
- T1-L2 dermatomes affected
- Painful prodrome for 2-3 days before development of rash
73
How is shingles managed?
- Avoid pregnant women/immunosuppressed until vehicles have crusted over
- NSAIDs/paracetamol/amitryptiline
- Oral steroids if immunocompetent
- Recommend antivirals unless patient <50 and mild case
74
Which skin disorders are associated with diabetes?
- Necrobiosis lipoidica
- Candidal infection
- Neuropathic ulcers
- Vitiligo (T1)
- Lipoatrophy
- Granuloma annulare (papular, hyperpigmented, depressed)
75
Which malignancy are the following skin disorders associated with?
a) acanthosis nigricans
b) acquired ichythosis
c) acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa
d) dermatomyositis
e) erythroderma
a) gastric cancer
b) lymphoma
c) GI and lung cancer
d) ovarian and lung cancer
e) lymphoma
76
Which malignancy are the following skin disorders associated with?
a) migratory thrombophelbitis
b) pyoderma gangrenosum
c) sweets syndrome
d) tylosis (yellow feet)
a) pancreatic cancer
b) myeloproliferative disorders
c) haem maligancy
d) oesophageal cancer
77
Which skin disorders are associated with pregnancy?
Atopic eruption of pregnancy
- Most common, presents as itchy erythematous rash
- No treatment needed
Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy
- Intense itch in last trimester
- Lesions on abdominal striae
- Emollients, mild steroids
Pemphigoid gestationis
- Pruritic blistering lesions
- Peri-umbilical initially
- 2/3 trimester
- Oral steroids
78
How do you differentiate spider naevi and telangectasia?
Press on them!
- Spider naevi fill from the centre
- Telangectasia fill from the edge
Spider naevi - liver disease, pregnancy, COCP
79
What is hereditary haemorrhagic telangectasia?
AD condition diagnosis by 3 or more of the following:
1. Epistaxis
2. Telangectasia
3. Visceral lesions (AVMs)
4. 1st degree relative
80
How is HHT managed?
- Iron supplemets
- Treat nosebleeds
- Blood transfusions
- Laser treatment of telangectasia
- Surgical/emoblisation of AVMs
81
What is erythema ab igne? How is it managed?
- Skin disorder secondary to infrared radiation exposure
- 'Elderly women sitting next to an open fire'
- Reticulated, erythematous patches with hyperpigmentation and telangectasia
Management:
- Avoid further exposure
- Topical tretinoin or laser
- If not treated can develop into SCC
82
What causes hirsutism and how is it managed?
Cushings, adrenal problems, obesity, steroids, phenytoin
Assess with Ferriman-Gallwey score
COCP/cosmetic
Can give topical eflornithine for facial hirsutism, CI in pregnancy/breastfeeding
83
What causes hypertrichosis?
- Drugs: minoxidil, ciclosporin, diazoxide
- Congenital
- Porphyria cutanea tarda
- Anorexia nervosa
84
How is hyperhidrosis managed?
- Topical aluminium chloride
- Iontophoresis
- Botox for axillary
- Endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy
85
How are burns managed initially?
Immediate:
- ABCDE
- Remove from source
- Within 20 minutes, irrigate with cold water for 10-30 mins
- Cover burn using layered cling film
Refer to secondary care if :
- Deep dermal or full thickness
- Superficial with more than 2/3% TBSA
- Delicate areas
- Inhalation injuries
- Electrical/chemical burn
86
How is severity of burns assessed?
Extent:
- Wallaces rule of nines
- Lund and Browder chart
- TBSA (palm = 1%)
Depth:
1. First degree (superficial epidermis) - no blisters
2. Second degree (partial thickness) - blistered, slow CR if superficial dermal, white with non blancing erythema if deep dermal
3. Third degree (full thickness) - white/brown waxy/leathery no blisters or pain
87
What is the pathophysiology of severe burns?
1. Local tissue loss and cytokine release
2. Fluid loss and third spacing > shock
3. CV effects and catabolic response
4. Immunosuppression and sepsis
88
How are severe burns managd?
1. Airway - early intubation if deep burns to face/neck
2. IV fluids
3. Insert urinary cathter
4. Analgesia
5. May requre escharotomy (3rd deg), excision or skin grafting
89
How do you give IV fluids in severe burns?
Give if:
- >10% TSBA in children
- >15% TBSA in adults
Calculat with Parkland fluid and give half total amount in first 8 h
90
What are the complications of burns?
Haemolysis
Hypovolaemic shock
Infection
ARDS
Curlings (peptic ulcer that occurs due to hypovolaemia > necrosis)
Compartment syndrome
Scarring
91
What benign skin conditions are seen in babies?
Portwine stain > treat with laser therapy or cosmetics
Strawberry hemangioma > propranolol if treatment required (obstructing visual fields or airway, bleeding, ulcerated)
92
How are venous ulcers managed?
- Check ABPI to ensure not arterial
- Compression bandage
- Oral pentoxifylline (peripheral vasodilator)
93
What are retinoids uses and their adverse effects?
Uses:
- Severe acne
Adverse effects:
- Teratogenic
- Dry skin
- Low mood
- Raised triglycerides
- Hair thinning
- Intracranial hypertension (dont combine with tetracyclines)
- Photosensitivity
94
What are the features of zinc deficiency?
- Acrodermatitis (red crusted lesions perianal/periorificial)
- Alopecia
- Short stature
- Hypogonadism
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Geophagia (ingesting clay/soil)
- Cognitive inpairment
95
What are the features of rosacea? How is it managed?
- Erythematous papule/pustular rash on the noses cheeks and forehead
- Common to have telangectasia
- May have blepharitis
- May develop rhinopyma (bulbous nose)
Management:
- High factor suncream
- Topical brimonidine for flushing
- Topical ivermectin for papules/pstules
- Add in oral doxy if severe
96
Which drugs exacerbate psoriasis?
Beta blockers
Lithium
Antimalarials
ACEis
Infliximab
NSAIDs
BLAAIN
97
What are the different options for allergy tests and when are they used?
Skin prick test:
- Easy and inexpesive
- Can test multiple allergies in one session, wheal develops if allergy
- Useful for food allergies and pollen
Radioallergosorbent test (RAST):
- Blood test or skin prick to determine amount of IgE that reacts with allergens
- Useful for food allergies, inhaled allergens and wasp/bee venom
- Can be used for anaphylaxis
Skin patch test:
- Useful for contact dermatitis
- Patch removed 48h later and interpreted by a dermatologist
98
What is acne conglobata?
- Severe form of acne characterised by burrowing and interconnecting abscesses and irregular scars
- Comedones and nodules
- Associated with hydradenitis suppuritiva
99
What is a dermoid cyst?
- Cystic teratoma containing developmentally mature skin
Often found in young children on lateral aspect of eyebrow
- Benign
- If in midline should do MRI to exclude intracranial excision
100
What is a sebaceous cyst?
- aka epidermoid cyst
- Closed sac or cyst below the surface of the skin that has a lining resembling the infundibulum of a hair follicle
- Fills with sebum
- May need I&D
101
What is an pilar cyst?
- Keratin-filled cyst that originates from the outer hair root sheath
- Commonly found on scalp in middle aged females
102
What is erysipelas?
- A superficial form of cellulitis involving the dermis and upper subcutaneous tissues
- Borders are WELL DEMARCATED
- Usually due to streptococcus pyogenes
- Treat with flucloxacillin
